1. Chemistry of Life
Basic Chemistry

2. Matter I. Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space
A. There are 3 basic forms of matter
1) solid 2) liquid 3)gas
B. All matter is composed
of elements
                                 

3. Elements
II. Element- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
ex. oxygen, copper, nitrogen, carbon, gold
A. Each element has
specific properties
(traits) that are different
from the other elements.

4. Elements B. Elements are listed in the Periodic Table
the periodic table organizes the elements by similar characteristics 

5. The Periodic Table

6. Elements
each element on the periodic table is represented by a chemical symbol
Name Symbol
Hydrogen H
Iron Fe
Gold Au

7. C Elements On the periodic table the symbol for carbon is : C
C. All elements are made of atoms.

8. Atoms III. ATOMS - the smallest particle of an element
Atoms have a nucleus (center)
- the nucleus is made of protons and neutrons
protons are positively charged particles
neutrons are particles with no charge

9. Atoms
protons and neutrons have mass. The mass of the protons and neutrons (or the mass of the nucleus) is called the atomic mass.
the number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number (SEE PERIODIC TABLE)

10. Atoms B. Atoms have electrons
- electrons are tiny negatively charged particles that orbit (circle) the nucleus
- electrons circle the nucleus in a particular way. They travel on pathways called orbitals.

11. IV. Interactions of Matter
A. Compounds and Bonding

12. Molecules and Compounds
 A compound is a substance made of different elements chemically combined
  chemical formulas represent compounds
1. they show the different kinds of atoms in the compound
2. they show the number of the different atom types (shown by subscript)
                                                          

13. Molecules and Compounds
Ex. NaCl
a) kinds: Na (sodium) Cl (chlorine)
b) numbers: Na = 1, Cl = 1

14. Molecules and Compounds
Ex. C2 H5 OH
a) kinds: C (carbon) H (hydrogen)
O (oxygen)
b) numbers: C=2, H=6, O = 1

15. Molecules and Compounds
LET’S TRY SOME:
 ex. CO2
a) kinds:
 b) numbers:
ex. C6 H12 O6
Ex. HC3H2O

16. Molecules and Compounds
B. Bonding
1. Atoms combine with other atoms to form molecules and compounds.
2. Bond formation involves the electrons that surround each atomic nucleus.
3. The electrons that are available to form bonds are the outermost electrons called valence electrons.

17. Molecules and Compounds
C. 2 main types of chemical bonds. 1. Ionic bonds – formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. a. An atom is electrically neutral because it has the same number of protons as electrons. When it loses electrons, it becomes positively charged. When it gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged. Atoms with a charge are called ions.

18. Molecules and Compounds
2. Covalent bonds – formed when electrons are shared between atoms. a. single bond – the atoms share 2 electrons. b. double bond – the atoms share 4 electrons. c. triple bond – the atoms share 6 electrons. d. The molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds.

19. Acids and Bases
D. pH
- pH is the measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is.
1. The pH scale has a range from 0 to 14.
2.The scale increases by 10.
ex. a pH of 1 is ten times as acidic as a pH of 2

20. Acids and Bases 3. An acid has a pH below 7.
4. A base has a pH above 7.
5. A neutral solution has a pH of 7.

21. Acids and Bases Characteristics of Acids- sour taste, skin irritant
ex. lemon juice, vinegar

22. Acids and Bases Characteristics of bases - bitter taste, slippery
ex. Soap, milk

23. Changes in Matter E. Chemical and Physical Changes
1. chemical change - process by which a substance becomes a new and different substance.
2. physical change- change in which physical properties of a substance are altered but the substance remains the same kind of matter.