2. The Respiratory System

3. Cellular respiration
The conversion of _________________________________ in the presence of __________ to release ___________ in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
carbohydrates (glucose)
oxygen
energy

6. Cellular respiration
This process is carried out in the _________________________
Required for all cellular activities within the body
mitochondria

7. Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation:
Needs to be obtained
from the external
environment
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP
Waste product
Energy
During starvation, glycogen
stored in the liver can be broken
down to glucose for use in the body

9. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells.
ATP can be broken down into ADP and phosphate to release energy.

10. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

11. respiration
The processes involved in supplying the body with __________ and disposing of ____________ _______________.
oxygen
carbon
dioxide

12. The human respiratory system

13. function
To exchange gases (O2 and CO2) between the atmosphere and a respiratory surface in order to maintain homeostasis.

14. Respiratory surface
The area available for the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)
In humans, the respiratory surface is the _________.
lung

15. Homeostatic Examples:
Cellular
functions
_________________ _____________ and ________________ are fueled by ATP (energy) that is released through the chemical process of cellular respiration. In order for cellular respiration to take place, O2 and glucose must be supplied. A lack of O2 will prevent bodily functions from running properly, and as a result would lead to death.
activities

16. Homeostatic examples:
blood
When CO2 is dissolved in the _________, it reacts with _________ to form _____________ _______, which lowers blood pH levels. Recall that the optimal blood pH is ______, which is slightly _________. Therefore, CO2 is a _________ ____________ of cellular respiration that needs to be removed from the body.
water
carbonic
acid
7.4
basic
waste
product

18. Components of the upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis

19. Nose
As you inhale air, small specks of dirt are trapped by _____ ______ in your nose. The nose hairs associated with the moisture inside the nose stops the small specks of dirt from going further in your body.
tiny
hairs

21. Nasal Cavity
behind
Is a large, air-filled space located ________ ____ _____. It prepares the air (_______, _______ ___ and __________ ____ ____) to be received by the other areas of the respiratory system.
It has hair, mucous membranes and _____ (tiny hairs) that prevent dust, bacteria and other foreign particles from entering the lungs
the
nose
filters
warms up
moistens
the
air
cilia

23. Cilia and Mucus

24. Mouth
Air can also be taken in through the mouth. Not as good as inhaling air through your nose because it does not filter or warm up the air as the nose does.

26. Pharynx (_________) THROAT
It is situated behind the mouth and serves both the ___________ ________(receives air from the nasal cavities and move air into lungs) and ___________ ________(moves food into your stomach).
respiratory
system
digestive
system

28. Larynx (____________)
VOICE BOX
Is the portion of the respiratory tract containing the _______ ______. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea.
vocal
chords

31. Epiglottis
cartilage
Is a flap of __________ that lies at the top of the larynx.
At rest: the epiglottis is upright and allows air to pass
During swallowing: it folds back to cover the entrance to the larynx, preventing food and drink from entering the windpipe (trachea).

33. Components of the lower respiratory tract
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm

34. Trachea (__________) WINDPIPE
Is a tube like structure connects the larynx to the bronchi.

36. bronchi
The trachea branches off into two main bronchi(right and left) which lead to your right and left lungs respectively. Each bronchus branches into smaller tubes, called ___________.
bronchioles

38. Alveoli (_________) AIR SACS
Are located at the end of ___________. They are the sacs in the lungs where ____ __________ _______.
Around the alveoli are __________ that bring carbon dioxide from the heart via pulmonary artery and delivers oxygen back to the heart via the pulmonary vein. 
bronchioles
gas
exchange
occurs
capillaries

39. lungs
The surface area of a typical human lung can cover a Tennis Court!
Are found within chest cavity. Humans have 2 lungs. The left lung has ___ lobes, right lung has ___ lobes. The left lung is slightly smaller to make room for the heart. 2 3

44. Four respiration processes
Breathing (___________): air into and out of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between _______ and ______(capillaries)
Internal respiration: gas exchange between _____ and _____ (and tissues)
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ___ and _______ ________ (waste)
ventilation
alveoli
blood
blood
cells
ATP
carbon
dioxide

46. Quick review

47. Physical method that organisms have for:
Gas exchange
Physical method that organisms have for:
Obtaining O2 from their surroundings
Removing excess CO2 from their bodies

48. Gas exchange in an alveolus occurs by ____________.
Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli (___________ ______________)
EXTERNAL
RESPIRATION
Gas exchange in an alveolus occurs by ____________.
Recall: What is ____________?
The movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
diffusion

50. Steps in Gas Exchange - _____________
IN THE LUNGS
A. Oxygen (O2) is brought into the lungs via ___________, where it comes into contact with the surface of the alveolus.
inspiration

52. Steps in Gas Exchange - in the Lungs
B. There is a higher concentration of oxygen within the alveolus than compared to the capillary. Thus, oxygen will move down its ______________ __________(high to low) into the capillary. _______ is needed at the surface between the alveolus and the capillary to facilitate the diffusion of gases.
concentration
gradient
water

54. Steps in Gas Exchange - in the Lungs
C. At the same time, CO2 in the blood diffuses across the membrane and into an alveolus. This occurs in the _________ _________to oxygen.
opposite
direction

55. Steps in Gas Exchange - in the Lungs
D. The CO2 is then sent back up the airway to be expelled to the outside via ____________.
expiration

58. Gas exchange between the blood and cells (___________ _____________)
INTERNAL
RESPIRATION
Gas exchange between cells and capillaries occurs by diffusion

59. Steps in gas exchange – __________________________
IN BODY CELLS/TISSUES
A. Oxygen is transported to body cells via the ______________ by ____ _______ ______.
bloodstream
red
blood
cells

60. Steps in gas exchange – in body cells/tissues
B. There is a higher concentration of oxygen in the blood than within body cells. Thus, oxygen moves into body cells.

62. Steps in gas exchange – in body cells/tissues
C. There is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide within body cells than compared to the blood. Thus carbon dioxide will _______________________________________.
move out of body cells and into the bloodstream

63. Steps in gas exchange – in body cells/tissues
D. Carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream back to the ______ to be expelled from the body.
lungs

64. Quick quiz The space at the back of the mouth is the __pharynx____
What structure is known as the windpipe? _trachea__
In what structures does gas exchange occurs? __lungs (in the alveoli), blood and cells__
During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from entering the airway: __epiglottis_

65. The mechanics of breathing
Definition: Breathing – ________________________________________ (bring air in and out).
the mechanism by which mammals ventilate their lungs

66. Inspiration – the period when air flows into the lungs
During inspiration, the following events occur:
The ribs move ___________
The diaphragm moves _______
The intercostal muscles _________
up and out
down
contract

68. When the above happens it ___________________ of the chest cavity
When the above happens it ___________________ of the chest cavity. This creates a ________________inside the chest. The pressure inside the chest is less than the pressure outside the body.
Air “rushes” into the lungs from the outside.
The lungs “___________”
increases the volume
low pressure
inflate

69. Expiration – the period when gases exit the lungs
During expiration, the following events occur:
The ribs move ________________.
The diaphragm moves ___.
The intercostal muscles ______.
down and in up
relax

70. When this happens, it __________________ of the chest cavity
When this happens, it __________________ of the chest cavity. This creates a _______ ___________ inside the chest. The pressure inside the chest is greater than the pressure outside the body.
Air is forces out of the lung.
The lungs ________
decreases the volume
high
pressure
deflate

73. Some terms
Diaphragm
_____________  A muscle that helps separates the upper part of the body (chest cavity) from the lower part of the body (abdominal cavity).
Function: The diaphragm works along with the intercostal muscles and ribs to help create low and high pressure within the chest cavity to aid with breathing.

75. Some terms
__________________ A set of muscles attached to the ribs within the chest cavity that control the movement of the rib cage.
Function: Work with the diaphragm to create high and low pressure within the chest cavity to aid with breathing.
Intercostal muscles

77. Video time

79. Lung capacity
A person‘s vital capacity (VC) is the maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

80. Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

81. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after you have already taken in a normal breath.

82. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

83. Vital capacity is calculated as follows
VC = TV + IRV + ERV

84. Medulla Oblongata
Is a structure found in the _____ that helps to maintain homeostasis. It responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide in your blood and _______________ to rib muscles and diaphragm to contract.
brain
sends a signal

85. Chemoreceptors
Are located at the _________ of the __________________. These are sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into a potential action.
surface
medulla oblongata