1. When the U.S. entered WW2 in late 1941, victory seemed remote
Japan dominated the western half of the Pacific Ocean
Germany controlled almost all of Europe
Germany pressed into Russia
Axis armies controlled Northern Africa & threatened the Suez Canal
But…over the next 2 years, the U.S. & the Allies began to win the wars in Europe & the Pacific

2. The U.S. wanted to attack across Nazi-controlled France by 1943
Europe
The U.S. wanted to attack across Nazi-controlled France by 1943
The USSR “freed” Poland, Hungary, Romania
England wanted to attack Italy from Northern Africa in 1942
In 1942, U.S.-Anglo troops began the Italian campaign & Stalin was ANGRY
To win the European campaign, 2 different plans were proposed
In 1943, the Soviet army won at Stalingrad; Germany was never again on the offensive

3. The Allies began to win the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941 with Lend-Lease aid, but took control in 1943 with America’s entry into the war

4. Tehran Conference, 1943
By agreeing to “Operation Overlord” (D-Day), the Allies would divide the Axis military across two fronts
In 1943, FDR, Churchill, Stalin met in Tehran, Iran for the first of three wartime conferences:
The USA, Britain, USSR coordinated their war strategy
FDR & Churchill finally committed to Stalin’s demands to open a western front (D-Day)
Discussed plans to create a “general internat’l organization” to promote “peace & security” (UN)
FDR proposed a future United Nations dominated by “4 policemen” (USA, Britain, China, & USSR) with power to “deal immediately with any sudden emergency which requires action”
Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan after the defeat of Germany
Broader international cooperation also became a central theme of the negotiations at Tehran. Roosevelt and Stalin privately discussed the composition of the United Nations. During the Moscow Conference of the Foreign Ministers in October and November of 1943, the United States, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union had signed a four-power declaration whose fourth point called for the creation of a "general international organization" designed to promote "international peace and security." At Tehran, Roosevelt outlined for Stalin his vision of the proposed organization in which the future United Nations would be dominated by "four policemen" (the United States, Britain, China, and Soviet Union) who "would have the power to deal immediately with any threat to the peace and any sudden emergency which requires action."

5. The long-awaited 2nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day
Europe
U.S. & British troops landed at 5 strategic points, pushed through France drove towards Germany
The long-awaited 2nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day

6. Yalta Conference in February 1945
The “Big 3” met at Yalta to discuss post-war Europe given the eminent defeat of Germany:
Stalin refused to give up Eastern Europe but he did agree to “self-determination”
Stalin agreed to send Soviet troops to the Pacific after the German surrender if the USSR could keep Manchuria
To recognize the independence & sovereignty of nations in Eastern Europe

8. Soon after the Yalta Conference in Feb 1945, FDR died…and Harry Truman became president

9. In late April 1945, the Allies broke through the Eastern & Western Fronts forcing both Italy & Germany to surrender

10. The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942 was a morale boost
“Island-hopping” allowed the Allies to win strategic islands without investing precious time, resources, & American lives
The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942 was a morale boost
U.S. victory at Midway in 1942 gave the Allies naval supremacy

11. The Japanese refused to play by according to the Geneva Convention “rules” of war

12. The German surrender in May 1945, allowed the U. S
The German surrender in May 1945, allowed the U.S. to turn its full attention towards Japan
Victories at Saipan in 1944 & Iwo Jima & Okinawa in 1945 allowed for bombings on Japan

13. The Decision to Drop the A-Bomb
With no definitive end it sight, how would the Allies defeat Japan?
The U.S. military favored a full-scale invasion of Tokyo by 1946
The Japanese refused to surrender & were arming civilians for an Allied invasion
At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman gave the order to use the atomic bomb

14. Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago

15. Triumph & Tragedy in the Pacific
In August 1945, the USA forced Japan to surrender by dropping 2 atomic bombs
Effect of the atomic bomb:
Saved hundreds of thousands of American (& Japanese) lives
Revenge for Pearl Harbor
Showed the USSR that the USA had the ultimate weapon (began the Cold War nuclear arms race)

16. Nagasaki
Hiroshima

18. Its Finally Over!

19. Conclusions
WW2 was the largest & deadliest war in history & changed the U.S.
Wartime industry ended the Great Depression, expanded the size of the federal gov’t, & ushered in affluent decade
The USA emerged as a world superpower, developed a nuclear arsenal, & engaged a Cold War against the USSR