1. Anatomy of a revolution

2. Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Revolution
Borrowed his terms from pathology.
Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease:
The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.”
It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”
The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.
A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.

3. Think back What political revolutions did you study last year?
French, Latin American, Haitian
What general causes did they all have in common?

4. Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 1
Phase 1: Pre-Revolution
1. Class conflict/inequality
2. Government Inefficiency
3. Inept Ruler (person in charge isn’t doing their job)
4. Intellectual transfer of loyalty (new ideas)

5. March on Versailles

6. Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 2
Phase 2: Early Revolution
1. Financial Breakdown
2. Government protests increase
3. Dramatic Events
4. Moderate Revolutionaries have control
5. Honeymoon Period (things seem to be working for the revolutionaries)

7. Storming of the Bastille

8. Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 3
Phase 3: Crisis Stage
1. Radicals take control
2. Moderates driven from power
3. Civil War
4. Centralization of Power in a Revolutionary Council Dominated by a Strong Man

9. Napoleon

10. Brinton’s Revolutionary Cycle: Phase 4
Phase 4: Recovery Stage
1. Slow, uneven return to quieter times
2. Rule by a tyrant
3. Radicals repressed (pushed down)
4. Moderates gain amnesty
5. Aggressive nationalism

11. In your journals…
Draw a timeline with visual representations of Brinton’s revolutionary cycle.
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4

12. Phase 1
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 4

13. The 1905 Russian Revolution

14. Obstacles to Progress
Despite efforts by Peter and Catherine to westernize Russia, it remained economically underdeveloped.
By the 1800s, czars saw need to modernize but did not want to give up absolute power.
Russia will fall behind Western Europe in economic and social developments
You are going to look at what conditions existed in Russia (phase 1) that led people to revolt

15. Complete causes of the 1905 Revolution
When you are finished, on the back of the paper create a bullet point list that answers the following questions:
What conditions existed in Russia (phase 1) that led people to revolt?
Why do the people hate the czar?

16. Causes of 1905 revolution
Take notes on title and underlined material

17. Long Term Causes of 1905 Rev 1-Absolute rule of Tsar Nicholas II
Nobles & peasants want a say
2-Rigid social system
Peasants (90% of pop/mostly farmers) paid highest taxes
What does this remind you of?

19. Long term causes continued
3-Industrialization
Increase in taxes to pay for industry
Poor working conditions
4-Spread of socialism/Marxism
Appealed to industrial workers
Bolsheviks: Russians committed to Marxism (Led by Vladimir Lenin)
Side note: Lenin flees to Western Europe to escape arrest. (he will play a large role in the 1917 revolution)

20. Short Term Causes 1-High unemployment
2-Starvation due to poor harvests
3-Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Embarrassing loss
People blamed the Czar for loss

21. Immediate Cause: Bloody Sunday- 1905
150,000 workers and their families went to the Tsar’s palace
demanded better working conditions/more rights
Tsar’s soldiers fire on the unarmed crowd
Over 1,000 wounded, 300 killed
Violence & riots spread

22. Results of the 1905 Revolution
Nicholas agrees to change
Created the Duma-Russia’s first Parliament
Lasts 10 weeks before Nicholas gets rid of it
Hated sharing power
Was this 1905 revolution a success or failure?

23. Impact of the 1905 Revolution
1905 Rev=Failure
By 1914 Russia was still an autocracy with a lot of unrest……
Due to WWI
Will lead to Revolution in 1917

24. The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
March & November revolutions

25. WWI In 1914, Russia enters WWI Russia spent $22.3 billion Many deaths
3 million civilians died
1.7 million soldiers died
Let to shortages of food & supplies at home & for soldiers

26. The March Revolution
March 1917, women textile workers in Petrograd lead a citywide strike
This local protest exploded into a general uprising
Result: Forced the Czar, to step down & provisional gov’t was set up
A year later he and his family were murdered
Nearly 200,000 workers protested
At first soldiers followed orders to shoot at protestors
Later they joined the rebellion

27. Provisional Government
Set up to rule Russia temporarily
Keeps Russia in WWI
Many angry about this
Germany wants Russia out of WWI
Why?

28. Germany Intervenes
Arranged for Lenin to return to Russia (benefits Germany)
He travelled back to Russia in a sealed railway car in 1917

29. Lenin Leads Provisional Gov’t was weak & kept Russia in WWI
Workers go on strike & soldiers refuse to fight
People want: “Peace, Land, Bread”
Peace=out of WWI
Land=Peasants want land
Bread=End to starvation
Civil war will break out…Reds (communists) vs. Whites (loyal to czar)

30. All workers choose the Soviets

31. 1917 Revolution
1917-Lenin gets Russia out of WWI through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (w/Germany)
Civil War:
-- “Reds” (communists) versus “Whites” (loyal to Czar)
Murder Czar & family
Lenin wins (rules )
Creates the Soviet Union
Censorship & secret police

32. Russian Civil War
War Communism: Communists nationalized (took over) banks, mines, & factories
Peasants forced to give food to Red Army
Results-Communists win, but millions are starving & production is low
5 million dead of starvation
Lenin must now deal with these issues……

33. What does this tell you about the conditions in Russia at this time?
The famine affected
both the countryside and the cities. There were reports of cannibalism in some districts.
"Sometimes mothers and
fathers feed their children human meat as a last resort. Sometimes a starving family eats the body of one of its junior members.
Sometimes parents at night seize part of a body from a cemetery and feed it to their children”.
What does this tell you about the conditions in Russia at this time?
Photograph used with the kind permission of the David King Collection, London

34. Lenin’s plan for dealing with the effects of war communism= New Economic Policy (NEP).

35. Remember Capitalism=Private ownership, competition, individual profit
Communism=Shared ownership & shared profit

36. Lenin’s answer – The New Economic Policy
#1-Agriculture
Peasants now had to supply amount of what they grew to the government (Comm)
Any extra they were allowed to keep or even sell for profit! (cap)
Lenin’s answer – The New Economic Policy
#2-Industry
-All important industries, such as coal and steel remained nationalized (comm)
Small factories were privatized. (capitalist)

37. An American journalist describes the economic conditions in Moscow in 1921.
'One morning at the top of my street I saw a man sitting on a sidewalk selling some food packets given by a famine-relief agency. By mid November he had rented a tiny store across the street, handling milk, vegetables, chickens and the freshest eggs and apples. By the following May he had four salesmen in a fair-sized store, to which the peasants brought their produce fresh each morning.'

38. Results Compromise w/capitalism helped
Economy recovered
Ended armed resistance to new gov’t
1928 Food & industrial production were at pre-war levels
Standard of living improved
Lenin died suddenly in 1924
Set off power struggle between Trotsky & Stalin