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Osmosis in solutions
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Making Proteins Step 2: Translation
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Making a Protein—Translation
Second Step: Decoding of mRNA into a protein is called Translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
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These amino acids come from the food we eat
These amino acids come from the food we eat. Proteins we eat are broken down into individual amino acids and then simply rearranged into new proteins according to the needs and directions of our DNA.
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A series of three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid—called a codon.
Each tRNA has 3 nucleotides that are complementary to the codon in mRNA. Each tRNA codes for a different amino acid. Amino acid Anticodon
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mRNA carrying the DNA instructions and tRNA carrying amino acids meet in the ribosomes.
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Amino acids are joined together to make a protein.
Polypeptide = Protein
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CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA
Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino acid sequence coded for by the following mRNA strands. CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA
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___________/___________/___________/____________
CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ 1st Base 2nd Base 3rd Base
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AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________ Methionine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Stop
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Protein Synthesis
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Movie about translation at bottom of webpage
Movie about translation at bottom of webpage. Click on hyperlink in picture above.
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Bioenergetics
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6CO2 + 6H2O -----------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS (in thylakoids)
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6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS (in thylakoids) ATP Electrons NADPH O2
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H2O CO2 Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
6CO H2O ----> C6H12O O2 H2O CO2 Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma) (in thylakoids) ATP Electrons NADPH O2 Sugar
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What is going on at each letter?
B D J K F E H G I P ADP A. Light enters into the system B. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll C. Water enters into the system and is split D. Oxygen is released as a waste product E. NADPH is made F. ATP is made. G. The Calvin cycle carbon fixation H. Carbon dioxide enters into the Calvin Cycle I. Glucose is made J. NADP+ returns to the light reaction K. ADP returns to the light reaction I
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Two sets of reactions are involved with photosynthesis.
6CO H2O > C6H12O O2 Two sets of reactions are involved with photosynthesis. Dark Reaction (a.k.a. Calvin cycle) Light independent Can occur in light or dark Occurs in the stroma Powered by NADPH and ATP CO2 enters/glucose is “fixed” Light Reaction Light dependent Requires light Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Powered by the sun H20 is split into O2 which leaves
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To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain
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General Outline Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxygen present: (Aerobic)
No Oxygen present: (Anaerobic) Krebs Cycle Fermentation ETC Alcholic or Lactic acid 36-38 ATP 2 ATP
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Products: 2 Lactic acids Products: 2 ethanols 2 CO2 Cytoplasm Involve glycolysis In muscle cells of animals and certain bacteria Net 2 ATP Certain bacteria & yeasts Anaerobic respiration Pyruvate lactic acid 3C C Pyruvate ethanol + CO2 3C 2C C Fermentation Build up causes muscle soreness Involved in making beer, wine, bread 2 NAD+ Involved in making cheese & other dairy products
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MORE efficient With oxygen Without oxygen Produce ATP Mitochondria
Cytoplasm Preceded by glycolysis Yields 2 ATP Yields ATP Major Rxns: Fermentation: Alcoholic Lactic Acid Major Rxns: Kreb’s ETC MORE efficient Less efficient
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The Protein-making Process
Protein Synthesis The Protein-making Process
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Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Notes
Proteins (Review) Proteins make up all living materials
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Proteins are composed of amino acids – there are 20 different amino acids
Different proteins are made by combining these 20 amino acids in different combinations
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Proteins are manufactured (made) by the ribosomes
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Function of proteins: Help fight disease Build new body tissue
Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins (Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction) 4. Component of all cell membranes
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Making Proteins Step 1: Transcription
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Making a Protein—Transcription
First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called Transcription Why? DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be made, but proteins are made by the ribosomes—ribosomes are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. DNA is too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but RNA can leave the nucleus (single stranded).
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Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA).
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mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome.
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Cell plate Daughter cells Cell wall Vesicles containing
cell wall material New cell wall Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells Cleavage furrow
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Cell Injury
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Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors. Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed. Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors. Cancer Animations cancer cell bloodstream normal cell
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4 Sources For Genetic Variability (variety)
in Sexually Reproducing Organisms crossing over in prophase I 2. independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I 3. random fertilization of egg by sperm 4. mutations
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