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a grammEr
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Intro to grammar Day 1
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Lexical and grammatical categories
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Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition
Lexical categories Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition
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Linguistic knowledge Phonology: Sounds of language
Morphology: Structure of words Syntax: Structure of sentences
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Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and preposition are called lexical categories because they carry lexical meaning. They are also called content words since they have synonyms and antonyms. Lexical categories are the heads of phrases.
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Nouns Verbs Person, place, thing Actions, events
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What part of speech is the word:
Actions Destruction
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The actions by the government came too late.
The hurricane caused the destruction of the village. Actions is part of the subject Destruction is part of the object
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They do have verbal counter parts
The actions by the government came too late. The government acted too late. The hurricane caused the destruction of the village. The hurricane destroyed the villages.
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Underline the nouns The house is in Africa.
The car is old and is missing one door. Steve is a major league baseball player. Maria and her cat are very nice. Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.
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Underline the nouns The house is in Africa.
The car is old and is missing one door. Steve is a major league baseball player. Maria and her cat are very nice. Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.
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Double Underline the verbs
The house is in Africa. The car is old and is missing one door. Steve is a major league baseball player. Maria and her cat are very nice. Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.
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Double Underline the verbs
The house is in Africa. The car is old and is missing one door. Steve is a major league baseball player. Maria and her cat are very nice. Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.
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Adjectives Adverbs Modifies a noun Modify actions
Can modify an adjective/ adverb
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Adjectives Modifies a noun
The quality it describes will be one appropriate to a noun Examples Nationality/ ethnicity: American, Navajo, Dutch, Iranian Size: big, large, thin Color: pink, yellow, green Material/personal: wooden, human Character trait: happy, fortunate, lovely, pleasant
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Circle all of the Adjectives
My old grandpa snored loudly. Little Chloe played on the beach yesterday. I will visit my best friend tomorrow. George, will you come here? My sheepdog sat lazily in the cool pool. Neil slowly placed a card on the tall card house.
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Circle all of the Adjectives
My old grandpa snored loudly. Little Chloe played on the beach yesterday. I will visit my good friend tomorrow. George, will you come here? My sheepdog sat lazily in the cool pool. Neil slowly placed a card on the tall card house.
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Adverbs Modify actions and will provide information typical of those
Examples Manner: wisely, fast, quickly, slowly Duration: frequently, often Speaker attitude: fortunately, actually Place: there, abroad Time: then, now yesterday Other: as well, also, not, never
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Examples Delicately Wearily Sorrowfully Beautifully Truthfully Very
Too Almost Here There Everywhere Somewhere In Inside Underground Randomly Brutally Really Briskly Sloppily Only Rather Tomorrow Today Later Regularly Often Never Monthly
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Double Underline all of the adverbs
My old grandpa snored loudly. Little Chloe played on the beach yesterday. I will visit my best friend tomorrow. George, will you come here? My sheepdog sat lazily in the cool pool. Neil slowly placed a card on the tall card house.
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Double Underline all of the adverbs
My old grandpa snored loudly. Little Chloe played on the beach yesterday. I will visit my best friend tomorrow. George, will you come here? My sheepdog sat lazily in the cool pool. Neil slowly placed a card on the tall card house.
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What part of speech is fast?
The fast car must be a police car. The car drove fast until it saw the photo radar.
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What part of speech is fast?
The fast car must be a police car. Adjective – modifies the noun, car The car drove fast until it saw the photo radar. Adverb – modifies the verb, drove
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Grammatical categories
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Prepositions Have to occur before a noun
Place or time: at, in, on, before Direction: to, from, into, down Causation: for Relation: of, about, with, like, as, near
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Preposition Examples About Above Outside Upon With Over Near Beneath
Behind Below Along Inside During Down To Onto Through Since
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*About being behind a noun, sometimes prepositions can stand alone. *
With their books, about linguistics, they went to school He went in; they ran out; and he jumped down.
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Underline the Prepositions
The mouse ran across the room. I am at Arizona State University We are in English class. The stoplight hangs above the street. My cat jumped onto the table. The river runs over the rocks.
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Underline the Prepositions
The mouse ran across the room. I am at Arizona State University We are in English class. The stoplight hangs above the street. My cat jumped onto the table. The river runs over the rocks.
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Determiners Includes articles: an, the, a,
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Possessive nouns: Some quantifiers: any, many, much, and all Interrogatives: whose, what, which Some Numerals:
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Determiner or adjective?
She has two books. Determiner I want you to give me back my two books. Adjective Determines: How many books Describes: Books
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Coordinator Cheeto and Ruff Ruff play at the dog park together.
Coordinators such as and and or join two elements of the same kind. Cheeto and Ruff Ruff play at the dog park together.
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Complementizer Join two clauses where one clause is subordinate to the other. Examples: That, because, whether, if, since Elizabeth stayed later because Terry was about to arrive.
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Examples of Complementizers
After Before So That If As While Because For When
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Underline the coordinator/ complementizer
I want to go to the park or the mall. I like Nate because he makes me smile. Can we go swimming and ice skating? After dance practice, I want to eat Hot Cheetos.
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Underline the coordinator/ complementizer
I want to go to the park or the mall. I like Nate because he makes me smile. Can we go swimming and ice skating? After dance practice, I want to eat Hot Cheetos.
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Review – label every word with a part of speech
We found this place accidently and have been returning almost weekly. We just love it. It is so simple and yet so wonderful and the staff is great. They are always smiling and just so nice. There is almost always a line. 27
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N V D N Adv We found this place accidently and have been returning almost weekly. We just love it. It is so simple and yet so wonderful and the staff is great. They are always smiling and just so nice. There is almost always a line. C Aux Aux N V Adv Adv Adv V N N V Adv Adj C Adv Adv Adj C D N V Adj N Aux N Adv C Adv Adv Adj V Adv V V Adv Adv D N 27
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End of Part 1!
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Grammar Day 2: The fun stuff
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The Noun Phrase : NP An NP such as ‘The nice unicorn.’ is built around a noun, namely, a unicorn. This noun (N) is called the head of the NP The lines, called ‘branches,’ indicate how the phrase is divided up, and branches come together in ‘nodes.’ We will call these ‘trees.’
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Verb Phrase : VP An VP such as ‘Riding a bike.’ is built around a verb, namely, riding. This verb (V) is called the head of the VP.
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Break it down The nice unicorn Riding a bike
What parts of speech are there is in the following sentences: The nice unicorn Riding a bike
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Break it down The nice unicorn Riding a bike
What parts of speech are there is in the following sentences: The nice unicorn Riding a bike D Adj N = Noun phrase V D N = verb phrase
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Decide whether these are Noun/ Verb phrases
Wrote the letter : _______________ Saw the man : _______________ The nice unicorn : _______________ Rode the bike : _______________ Ate the cookie : _______________ A beautiful day : _______________
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Noun/ verb phrases Wrote the letter : verb phrase
Saw the man : verb phrase The nice unicorn : noun phrase Rode the bike : verb phrase Ate the cookie : verb phrase A beautiful day : noun phrase
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Time to make some trees!
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Wrote the letter Wrote the letter : verb phrase
D N Wrote the letter Wrote the letter : verb phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? VP V NP wrote D N the letter
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Saw the man Saw the man: verb phrase
D Saw the man N Saw the man: verb phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? VP V NP Saw D N the man
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Rode the bike Rode the bike: verb phrase
N Rode the bike: verb phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? VP V NP Rode D N the bike
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Ate the cookie Ate the cookie: verb phrase
D Ate the cookie N Ate the cookie: verb phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? VP V NP Ate D N the cookie
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Introducing the N’ (N bar)
NP cannot be expanded, it leads straight to a noun and the sentence cannot go any farther. We need a placeholder for the NP therefore we use the N’
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Make a tree for: The boy
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The boy The boy: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase?
D N The boy The boy: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? NP D N The boy
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With the red hat With the red hat: prepositional phrase
Adj N With the red hat: prepositional phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? PP NP P N’ With D the N AdjP hat Adj red
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The boy with the red hat With the red hat: prepositional phrase
Adj N P N The boy with the red hat P With the red hat: prepositional phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? PP NP P N’ With D the N AdjP hat Adj red
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The nice unicorn The nice unicorn: noun phrase
D Adj The nice unicorn N The nice unicorn: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? NP D N’ The AdjP N Adj unicorn nice
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A beautiful day A beautiful day: noun phrase
Adj N A beautiful day A beautiful day: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? NP D N’ A Adj N day beautiful
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The pleasant wocket The pleasant wocket: noun phrase
D Adj N The pleasant wocket The pleasant wocket: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? NP D N’ The Adj N wocket pleasant
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In my pocket In my pocket: noun phrase
D N In my pocket In my pocket: noun phrase What parts of speech are in this phrase? PP P N’ in D N my pocket
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The pleasant wocket in my pocket
D Adj N P D N The pleasant wocket in my pocket NP N’ D The N’ AdjP Adj N PP pleasant wocket NP P N in D my pocket
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The pleasant wocket in my pocket
D Adj N P D N The pleasant wocket in my pocket NP N’ D The N’ AdjP Adj N PP pleasant wocket NP P N in D my pocket
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Make trees for the following sentences.
He left They planted trees without leaves. The emu loved the kangaroo. On the moon Saw the man with glasses
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Make trees for the following sentences.
He left They planted trees without leaves. The emu loved the kangaroo. On the moon Saw the man with glasses Was in the garden 43 49 43 41 41 40
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Extra
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Circle the Determiners
The mouse ran across the room. I am at Arizona State University We are in English class. The stoplight hangs above the street. My cat jumped onto the table. The river runs over the rocks.
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Circle the Determiners
The mouse ran across the room. I am at Arizona State University We are in English class. The stoplight hangs above the street. My cat jumped onto the table. The river runs over the rocks. v
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Sentence structure
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Circle all of the adjectives
1) The blue bus is late. 2) The rusty truck has an oversized trailer. 3) Jaime is so smart! 4) The job was difficult, but manageable. 5) The house has new plumbing and running water. 6) The silly man laughed uncontrollably. 7) The boy said he was sorry.
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Circle all of the adjectives
1) The blue bus is late. 2) The rusty truck has an oversized trailer. 3) Jaime is so smart! 4) The job was difficult, but manageable. 5) The house has new plumbing and running water. 6) The silly man laughed uncontrollably. 7) The boy said he was sorry. v
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