1. Engleski jezik struke 3
Sreda,

2. About reading What do you read? Why is it important to read?
How do you read? Do you use the same reading techniques for any kind of text?
more general knowledge, and higher intelligence, Reduces stress, can spot patterns which increases analytical thinking, Increased vocabulary, Improved writing skills,

3. Reading techniques
SKIMMING - Running the eyes over quickly, to get the gist (e.g. a newspaper)
SCANNING - Looking for a particular piece of information (e.g. a dictionary)
EXTENSIVE READING - Longer texts for pleasure and needing global understanding. (E.G. a novel)
INTENSIVE READING - Shorter texts, extracting specific information, accurate reading for detail (e.g. a recipe)

5. Academic text types
Textbooks
Journal articles
Reports
Manuals
Guides

7. Why are academic texts so difficult to read?
Unfamiliar/ complex topic
Long paragraphs/ heavy text
Challenging vocabulary
Complex sentences ……

8. Structure of an academic text (article)

9. Structure of an academic textbook
Table of contents
Introductory chapter
Later chapters
Conclusion
Table of contents Check: Is the book divided into sections?
Introductory chapter Overall introduction (why the topic is important, overview of the field)
Later chapters (sometimes by different authors) -Introduction of chapter will explain thesis/ position, arguments used and organisation -Search for sections through topic sentences - Note subheadings, diagrams, tables -Topics may include new theories, how theory relates to practice
Conclusion Final chapter, may speculate on future directions in the field

10. Structure of an academic paragraph

11. purpose of reading an academic text
to get the general idea of what the book, article, or a chapter is all about
to find the answer to a specific question
to gain a detailed understanding of the content
to gather information/evidence

12. Reading a novel vs reading academic texts
Novel Academic text

13. READING TECHNIQUE IS DETERMINED BY READING PURPOSE
Get an overview of a text
Search for a specific fact
Understand a concept
Analyse the steps in a research

14. READING TECHNIQUE IS DETERMINED BY READING PURPOSE
Get an overview of a text
SKIM the headings, subheadings, abstract, intro
Search for a specific fact
SCAN headings and subheadings to locate the relevant section
Understand a concept
Locate the relevant section by SKIMMING the text and STANNING the concept. Look for definitions, diagrams by EXTENSIVELY READING the relevant section.
Analyse the steps in a research
Locate the relevant section, identify main ideas, supporting ideas, evidence. Look for relationships between ideas

15. Efficient reading process
I Get an overview by SKIMMING:
Purpose • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Conclusion
II Find out more detail by SCANNING:
• Headings • Topic sentences • Discussion • Appendices
III Read the text EXTENSIVELY*

16. Take notes as you read
Identify the author’s ideas – position/point of view – summary of sections – evidence – conclusion
Your response to the ideas – questions – references to other readings – connection to assignment question

17. Reading tips
Reading speed and comprehension depend on the type of text.
Practice is the best way to improve.
Do not read every word starting from the beginning.
Read the title: ask yourself what you already know.
Scan or survey the whole text first.
Read introductory and concluding paragraphs.
Read the first sentence in each paragraph carefully.
Note headings, titles, diagrams, pictures.
Underline, highlight, make notes in the margin.
Write a one-sentence summary at the end of every chapter or section or do a simple oral review.

18. HOMEWORK & PRACTICE

19. Journal article: a dynamic model of process and product innovation
1. What techniques did you use to read the article?
2. Was the article difficult / easy to understand? Why?
3. Did you take notes while reading? What did you write down?
4. How is the article structured?
5. What are the key words of the article?
6. What are the key ideas?
7. Please summarize the content of the article in one paragraph.

20. A FEW NOTES BEFORE WRITING
Cutting the clutter does not mean only writing short sentences!
Punctuation marks, ordered by increasing power to separate:
Comma
Colon
Dash
Parentheses
Semicolon
Period
Considered to be slightly less formal

21. semicolon - connects two independent clauses example:
It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
*separates items in lists that contain internal punctuation

22. parentheses
- insert an afterthought or explanation into a passage that is grammatically complete without it; if removed, the main point of the sentence will not change
As a more specific example these relationships predict that there will be coherent patterns in the stimuli for innovation (market, production or new technology); in the types of innovation (product or process, original or adopted, etc.) and in barriers to innovation.

23. colon
- use it after an independent clause to introduce a list, quote, explanation or amplification
* the rule of three’s (lists, examples)

24. parallelism
- pairs or lists of ideas joined by “and”, “or”, or “but” should be written in parallel form, i.e. they should follow the same grammatical structure
example:
The broad implication is that strong and important relationships exist among the capability of a firm to innovate, its competitive strategy and the posture of its production resources.

25. True or False. The following sentence is parallel:
She enjoys running by the lake, playing with her dog, and to hike tall mountains.
- Rewrite this sentence to make it parallel. Make sure to use correct spelling and punctuation.

26. example
Unparallel:
If you want to be a good manager, you must study hard, critically think about the literature that you read, and you should be a good listener.
Parallel:
If you want to be a good manager you must study hard, listen well, and think critically about the literature that you read.
If you want to be a good manager you must be a good student, a good listener and a critical thinker about the literature that you read.

27. Which of the following sentences is NOT parallel?
If you want to do well in school, you should pay attention, set goals, and work hard.
If you want to do well in school, you should focus on paying attention, setting goals, and working hard.
If you want to do well in school, you should improve your attention span, goal setting, and work ethic.
If you want to do well in school, you should pay attention, set goals, and you must be a hard worker.

28. Which of the following sentences IS parallel?
At many colleges, alcohol possession can result in disciplinary action or arresting the student.
At many colleges, alcohol possession can result in the school’s taking disciplinary action or a police arrest.
At many colleges, alcohol possession can result in disciplinary action or being arrested by the police.
At many colleges, alcohol possession can result in disciplinary action or police arrest.

29. paragraph 1 paragraph = 1 idea
Paragraphs indicate a new idea to the reader
Short paragraphs help readers because they are usually focused on one idea
give away the punch line early
Topic sentences can be confining, but helpful
paragraph flow is helped by:
Logical flow of ideas
parallel sentence structure
If necessary, use transition words; usually “and” and “but” will do

30. Logical flow of ideas Sequential in time From general to specific
Logical arguments (if – then)