1. The second phase
Civil War

2. Fanny Kaplan
Fanny was from the Ukraine which had been sacrificed to the Germans at the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
She shot Lenin twice – once in the shoulder and once in the neck. The bullet was too close to his spine and the doctors refused to operate.
From this time Lenin suffered severe headaches and migraines.
This attack was proof that counter-revolution was real, active and dangerous.

3. Reds versus Whites versus Greens
“Military opposition to the new regime emerged soon after the October 1917 insurrection.”
Ryan
“The civil war proper- Bolshevik “reds” and Russian anti- Bolshevik “Whites” – began in the summer of 1918.”
Fitzpatrick
“Small scale peasant revolts against the requisitioning of food…soon became inflamed and spread into full scale peasant wars.”
Figes
SR’s and Krensky fought straight away
Kornilov Cossaks in the Don region.
Greens – the peasants –unhappy with forceful confiscation of food – eg grain – rose up against the brutality of the Communists especially after 1920 – due to famine.

4. Foreign intervention
18th January 1918 Lenin declared that all foreign debts were cancelled “unconditionally” and he confiscated all foreign owned property located in Russia.
Upset the foreign investors, many of whom had been allies in WW1 – who were already unhappy that Russia had pulled out of the war.
British, French, Japanese, Czech, Poland and USA invaded, hoping to reinstate the monarchy and/or gain land and resources.

5. Terror
“The policy of Red Terror was implemented to defeat enemies of the government and dominated Bolshevik mentality during the Civil War.”
Malone.
“If we are not ready to shoot a saboteur…what sort of revolution is that?”
Lenin
Both sides implemented policies of Terror.
Bolsheviks were open with their ideas about using violence.

6. “We will turn our hearts to steel…we will make our hearts cruel, hard, immovable, so that no mercy will enter them…For the blood of Lenin let there be floods of the blood of the bourgeois – more blood, as much as possible.”
Bolshevik newspaper – Sep 1918
They took pride in being tough minded.
According to Fitzpatrick, when they looked for a model for the activities of the Cheka, they turned to the French revolution rather than the Tsarist secret police. The Cheka were much more open and violent than the secret police.
Red army and the Cheka, the Bolsheviks would not have made it without them.

7. “The Red Army and the Cheka both made important contributions to the Bolshevik victory in the civil war.”
Fitzpatrick
BUT it would be wrong to say that they won purely because of military strength and violence. You need to take into account the social movements and the support of the people – particularly the support of the urban workers and the peasants. The peasants hated both sides to a large degree but the Bolsheviks had delivered in land reforms where the Whites had not.

8. Bolshevik support from the peasants
“They were the lesser of the two evils.”
Fitzpatrick.

9. Civil War (Western Liberal)
"Besieged fortresses are hardly ever ruled in a democratic manner."
Activity: What evidence could you use to support the argument that Lenin meant for communist Russia to be run as a Dictatorship of the Bolsheviks?
(pg 169 – if you are confused about the government system in Russia after 1917!)
Dictatorship of the proletariat – or dictatorship of the Bolsheviks?
End of the Constituent Assembly
Lenin headed the Council of the peoples Comissionars – the gov.
He also headed the Central Committee and the Poliburo.
Bureaucracies all had to be Bolshevik – tough, working class people. Power and authority was shifted from one social class to another.

10. The Czech Legion
“The Czechs ended up more or less fighting their way out of Russia.”
Fitzpatrick
40,000 well armed Czechs in Russia – given permission to travel via rail to the other side of Russia so they could get on a boat and travel to the western front. Local Bolsheviks reacted with hostility to armed foreigners in their country and requested that they surrender their weapons. There is a story that one group did and Trotsky had his men execute the Czechs.
The remaining Czechs joined with the SR’s and took over various sections of the railway for a period of time.

11. Execution of the Romanovs
Trotsky: “The execution of the Tsar and his family was needed not only to frighten, horrify and instil a sense of hopelessness in the enemy, but also to shake up our own ranks, to show that there was no retreating, that ahead lay total victory or total doom”.
Figes: “It (the murder of the Romanov family) was a declaration of the Terror. It was a statement that from now on individuals would count for nothing in the civil war”.
Handout - Flashpoint page 173 Malone

12. Why did the Bolsheviks win?
Activity:
Make a list of as many reasons as you can as to why the Reds won.
Compare this list with two other people in the class who you don’t usually talk to or sit with. Write down any of their ideas that you didn’t have.

13. The impact of the civil war on the Bolsheviks
“Nothing did more to shape the ruling attitudes of the Bolsheviks than the experience of the civil war…The Bolshevism that emerged from the civil war viewed itself as a crusading brotherhood of comrades in arms.”
Figes
Psychologically – survival mentality, determination, fighting against the odds
Politically – Military was accepted as a part of the plan, members became more loyal and disciplined
Organisationally – Strong centralised admin, authoritative leadership, small governing bodies
Socially – Justified strict sanctions and summary justice.

14. Activity Concept Map Page 143 of the text
Use the handout sheet as one of your other sources.

15. "We are still living as we lived under the monarchy.“
Gorky (Primary)
Did it change anything?

16. Essay plan
Explain the conditions and causes that led to the Red Terror of Was the Red Terror a response to circumstances or were the Bolsheviks destined to call on terror as a means of ruling Russia?
1. Terror as a method of control – extreme requires extreme
Emergence of attempted political takeovers meant that they needed to use extreme measures. Prov Gov had tried to negotiate – it didn’t work.
2. Lack of initial political structure and organisation but the development of the Red Army = use strengths.
3. Violence and punishment was always a part of their campaign. They recognised in their early writings that it was needed.