1. Common-pool resources
Gilberto Câmara, Earth System Science Center, INPE
Licence: Creative Commons ̶̶̶̶ By Attribution ̶̶̶̶ Non Commercial ̶̶̶̶ Share Alike

2. Acknowledgments for using previous material
Martin Nowak (Harvard University, USA)
Francisco C. Santos (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium)
Craig Callender (Philosophy, Univ California San Diego, USA)
Ana Aguiar (INPE, Brazil)
Tiago Carneiro (Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil)
Guy Brasseur (NCAR, USA)

3. What cooperation can achieve...
Those were the days…

4. Collective spatial action: volunteered GI
Are Brazilians less cooperative? Less tech-savvy? Does google solve their problems? Are they happy with their public data?

5. Collective spatial action: pedestrian modelling
Notting Hill Carnival (London)
Batty, “Agent-Based Pedestrian Modelling”, in: Advanced Spatial Analysis, ESRI Press, 2003.

6. Collective spatial action: deforestation

7. Collective spatial action: global change
Fossil fuel
Land use change 10 8 6 4 2
1960
2010
1970
1990
2000
1980
CO2 emissions (PgC y-1)
8.7
1.2
9.9 PgC
12% of total
Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience, 2009

8. An explicit spatial problem in global change: land change
“Land-change science has emerged as a foundational element of global environment change and sustainability science” (Rindfuss et al, “Developing a science of land change”, PNAS, 2004).

9. source: Global Land Project Science Plan (IGBP)

10. Impacts of global land change
More vulnerable communities are those most at risk

11. Nature: Physical equations Society: Decisions on how to
We need spatially explicit models to understand human-environment interactions
Nature: Physical equations
Describe processes
Society: Decisions on how to
Use Earth´s resources

12. Modelling collective spatial actions: the complex systems approach
photo: Chico Albuquerque
Situated individuals (persons, groups, agents)
Interaction rules - communication
Decision rules - actions
Properties of space

13. Our spatially explicit models need good social theories to guide them
Nature: Physical equations
Describe processes
Society: Decisions on how to
Use Earth´s resources

14. We need social theories to understand human-environment interactions
Survey
Moran, “Environmental Social Science: Human-Environment Interactions and Sustainability” (2010)
Social simulation
Schelling, “Micromotives and macrobehavior” (1978).
Batty, “Cities and complexity” (2005).
Game theory
von Neumann and Morgenstern, “Theory of games and economic behavior” (1944)
Nash, "Equilibrium points in n-person games“ (1950).
Evolutionary dynamics
Maynard Smith,  ”Evolution and the theory of games” (1982)
Axelrod, “Evolution of cooperation” (1988).
Novak, “Evolutionary dynamics: exploring the equations of life” (2005).
Institutional analysis
Ostrom, “Governing the commons” (1990).

15. Common pool resources (Elinor Ostrom)

16. The ultimate common pool resource

17. Governing the commons
[Ostrom, Science, 2005] 7

18. Governing the commons: Ostrom´s conditions
Clearly defined boundaries.
Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions.
Collective-choice arrangements.
Monitoring and graduated sanctions.
Conflict-resolution mechanisms.
Minimal recognition of rights to organize.
Organized governance activities. 7

19. Ostrom on governing the commons
“The challenge is how best to limit the use of natural resources so as to ensure their long-term economic viability.” “Neither the state nor the market is uniformly successful in enabling individuals to sustain long-term, productive use of natural resource systems.” “Optimal equilibrium with centralized control is based on assumptions concerning accuracy of information, monitoring capabilities, sanctioning reliability, and zero costs of administration.”

20. Conclusion
Spatial models of human-environment interactions can support the study of common pool resources