1. 10th World Studies 2.27.18 Today’s Agenda: HW: NONE
Turn in:
Source Reading
Take out :
Pen/Pencil
Note-taking devices
Today’s Learning Objectives:
I can explain how an ASSASSINATION helped lead to the outbreak of The Great War.
Today’s Agenda:
Willy-Nicky Telegrams
HW:
NONE

2. Arthur Zimmerman State Secretary Foreign Affairs
Arthur Zimmerman was trying to calmly methodically plan a reaction, the Kaiser was in a much different mood, “The Serbs must be disposed of and that right soon!”

3. Upon receiving the memorandums Kaiser Wilhelm II wished to consult his advisors, but changed his mind by stating,
“[Austria] might in this case, as in all others, rely upon Germany’s full support.” He wanted a reaction without haste.
The Kaiser known to be impetuous and to react without consultation would later regret his reaction.
The Kaiser believed a strong stance would deter Russian involvement fully believing their army was nowhere near ready for war as well as that he could influence Nicholas II (cousins!) into not going to war.

4. Did Germany start a fight?
Might Austria have taken action without encouragement from Germany?
Probably not…but I guess we’ll never know…

5. Who’s involved in this “Crisis?”
It’s a family affair…
Tsar Nicholas II
Not terribly bright…
Lost war to Japan…looking to restore pride
His people are grumbling…unifying war?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Smart, but a bit unpredictable
Can’t stand or trust the English
Really a big fan of military strength…wants to try out his “new toy”
Cousins (3rd)…also George V of England (1st with both)

6. “Diplomacy”—The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad. The art of dealing with people in a sensitive and effective way.
July – British foreign minister, Sir Edward Grey, tried to mediate a solution. The German government rejected Britain’s interference.
July 28 – instigated by German Chancellor Bethman-Hollweg, and Austrian Chancellor Berchtold, Austria-Hungary declares war.
July 29 – Austrian artillery bombards Belgrade.
July Bethman-Hollweg resists calls for mobilization and encourages Austria to localize the war through dialogue with Moscow.
Russia now under pressure by military leaders, and France (worried Russia is unprepared) to mobilize. France ensured Russia of support somewhere between July 20-23

7. The Willy-Nicky Telegrams…
Following the ultimatum there was a series of telegrams between Russia and Germany in the hopes of avoiding war…
(Wait, what?!? Wasn’t this issue between Austria-Hungary and Serbia??? I just don’t get it…)
Oh yeah, the Alliance System…and maybe other “causes…”

8. These telegrams crossed paths…
The Telegrams
Tsar Nicholas II
Kaiser Wilhelm II
July 29 1:00 AM
Please help…“Ignoble war” against weak nation…I’m being forced to act in way that will lead to war…I call on our friendship for you to do what you can to convince your allies (A-H) to stop this from going too far…
These telegrams crossed paths…
July 29 1:45 AM
I hear you, but Serbia has been agitating for years…I also understand the pressure you feel from your citizens…I’m trying to convince the Austrians to find resolution that satisfies all.

9. The Telegrams Tsar Nicholas II Kaiser Wilhelm II July 29 6:30 PM
Got your message, hope for peace too. Austria’s action not “Ignoble,” Serbia is unreliable…Austria not looking to annex land—Russia should maintain viewing…military action would be viewed poorly.
July 29 8:20 PM
Thanks buddy…your ambassador sang a different tune today. Please explain.

10. The Telegrams Tsar Nicholas II Kaiser Wilhelm II July 30 1:20 AM
Thanks for the tele, but not possible my rep. would strike a different tone. Instructed to inform you of danger of mobilizing army…Austria only moved portion, and only against Serbia…I can’t act as mediator unless you back off…the ball is in your court…

11. These telegrams crossed paths…
The Telegrams
Tsar Nicholas II
Kaiser Wilhelm II
July 31 (no time indicated)
Thanks, hope peace still possible…No longer possible to call troops off, it was part of the deal when A-H moved their troops…as long as negotiations are present, I won’t move…hoping peace prevails for all of Europe.
These telegrams crossed paths…
July 31 (no time indicated)
Hey man! Word is my Eastern front is seeing mobilization of Russian army…I’ve tried to maintain the peace, this is not my fault—you still have the ability to turn back. Russia is not being threatened, you should wait to see what happens…

12. The Telegrams Tsar Nicholas II Kaiser Wilhelm II August 1
Got message…understand you need to mobilize, but would like to hear you won’t move either…I’m not looking to go to war, just protecting my nation…hoping for peace—hoping our friendship will succeed.
August 1
Dude, I explained to you how war could be avoided…hadn’t heard back, so I moved my troops. Still only way to avoid war is in your hands—until I hear you are backing off, I can’t discuss any further. Don’t trespass into my territory.

13. Mobilization
July 31 – Russia began full mobilization after having started “partial mobilization” on July 29; French military leaders (Joffre) demand France mobilizes.
By July 30, German high command (von Moltke) panicked that mobilization must begin and France must be defeated before Russia could complete mobilization.
August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia. Britain still refused to declare position to France.
August 3 – Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium.
August 4 – Britain declared war on Germany, supposedly in defense of Belgian neutrality – “the scrap of paper” (Bethman- Hollweg)

14. The Treaty of London (1839)
It was interpreted by the Allies as a guarantee of Belgian independence and neutrality 
A treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia and Russia, on the one part, and Belgium, on the other. Signed at London, April 19th 1839…
Article 7. Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles 1, 2 and 7, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. It shall be bound to observe such neutrality towards all other States…

16. Who’s to blame???

17. Grey years later, “the real reason for going to war was that, if we did not stand by France and stand up for Belgium against this aggression, we should be isolated, discredited, and hated, and there would be nothing for us but a miserable and ignoble future.”
The real danger lied within their honor, which was threatened by Germany

18. The Great War!
War was romantic. War was colorful flags, spiked helmets and flashing sabers. War was an adventure. Those called to arms would be heroes, defending their homelands and way of life. 
Never mind Mamie I shall be home for Christmas I hope we will have a jolly nice time.
I must close now
With heaps of love
Your affectionate brother
Charlie”

19. British—1914 (Sport?!?!): A Christmas Story 1914
The Great War!
French 1914— “We will have them!”
British—1914 (Sport?!?!): A Christmas Story 1914

20. WWI: A Total War
Total War: When a country puts all of its resources towards supporting a war effort
War fought by citizens drafted into army
Women enter factories and fields
Gov’t control of economies
“We have no idea what war will be like. There are flags on all the houses in town, just as if we were having a festival.” –Excerpt from the diary of Piete Kuhr, a 12-year old girl from East Prussian Province of Posen

21. Central Powers Recruits
A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
Austro-Hungarians

22. German “Recruits”

23. The British Empire Gathers to Join the Army

24. New French Recruits

26. TECHNOLOGY OF WORLD WAR 1

27. Technology of World War One
In no other war has technology played such a critical role in impacting how the war would be fought.
The First World War began as a clash of 20th century technology and 19th century tactics, with inevitably large casualties.
Attaque à outrance (Militarism Assignment…)
Think of these weapons/technologies as solutions to problems

28. Technology of World War One
Machine Guns
Artillery
Grenades
Communications
Transportation
Tanks & Armor
Aircraft
Chemical Warfare
U-Boats
Convoy system
Barbed Wire
All of these technologies had an impact on the strategy and tactics of the war.
Some were used in a new way, others were used in response to other technologies or new tactics and strategies.

29. TRENCH WARFARE
Description/Use: Trenches, often reinforced with wood, with larger underground bunkers dug in side for more protection
Series of progressively more improved trenches with interconnecting trenches
Strategy employed because of stalemate, machine guns & artillery
Impact: Many weapons and tactics were created to overcome the defensive nature of trenches
Evolution: Concrete bunkers, pillboxes and gun emplacements – obsolete by WW2

31. MACHINE GUN

32. MACHINE GUN
Description: Rapid fire weapon ( rounds/minute) typically crewed by several men Belt-fed, .30 cal (typical)
Use: Anti-personnel, used against massed infantry
Impact: Possibly the most influential weapon of the war Contributed to stalemate and affected tactics No longer would massed infantry be the most effective
Evolution: Would be mounted on airplanes and armored vehicles Became smaller, less crew (squad-level weapon) Submachine guns at end of war

33. ARTILLERY

34. ARTILLERY
Description/Use: Large caliber weapon capable of direct (gun) or indirect (howitzer) fire - 37 mm – 42 cm
Impact: artillery barrage to soften up targets
Huge guns to destroy fortresses in Belgium – railway guns
Extreme long range attacks (Paris gun) terrified Parisians 126 km (68 mi) range (300 attacks)
Evolution: improved accuracy, range,
better shells and fuses, improved explosives
Faster reload, more portable
Self-propelled artillery

35. Artillery
Paris Gun
Typical German Artillery piece

36. Grenades

37. GRENADES
Description/Use: small, explosive device thrown or projected to cause burst and shrapnel damage to enemy
Percussion (contact) or timed fuse
Old weapon found new use in trench warfare – often referred to as “bombs”
Impact: well-suited for trench warfare (indirect throw) – response to trench warfare
Becomes core of new trench assault strategy
sturmtruppen – trench raiders - bombers
Evolution: better fuses, charges, use of gas improved methods to propel (RPG)

38. AIRCRAFT
Description/Use: 100 mph, monoplane, biplane and tri-plane configurations. Constructed of canvas stretched over wooden frame
Single pilot fighter to several men in a bomber
Typically armed with machine guns
Initially used for observation, later fighters and bombers
Impact:
Anti-Aircraft and aerial pursuit squadrons
Most aerial combat techniques used today are derived from WW1 dog fighting.
Fixed wing aircraft most influential, though observation balloons and zeppelins played a role as well
Evolution:
Unarmed observation craft, Then purpose-built fighters, followed later by bombers - U.S. would pioneer large-scale bombing missions late in war
Fighter Aces – five kills
New tactics for air support and ground attack - strafing

39. Sopwith Camel

40. Fokker Dr1 Triplane Red Baron’s Plane

41. Bombers and Zeppelins (Luftschiff)

42. SUBMARINES

43. SUBMARINES
Description: At outset Germans had two sub types: coastal sub: (7 kts, 2 torpedoes and a crew of 14 patrol (overseas): 14 kts, 4 torpedoes, crew – 28
Use: attack allied shipping, primarily through use of deck guns NOT torpedoes
Impact: Very effective against shipping, but sinking of ocean liners was negative in public opinion Use of convoy system, depth charges and hydrophones were a response
Evolution: Submarines would get larger and faster with expanded undersea capability
Improved torpedoes

44. CONVOY SYSTEM Description/Use: Impact: Evolution:
Using armed ships such as destroyers and armed merchant vessels to protect unarmed transport ships from submarines
A TACTIC not a technology
Impact:
Fairly effective once employed (late 1917).
Declined from 242/mo to 147/mo; 1918 – 103/mo
Evolution:
Q-ships – Germany forced to use surface ships

45. CONVOY SYSTEM

46. TANKS & ARMOR

47. TANKS & ARMOR
Description/Use: tracked, armored vehicle armed with machine guns and/or cannons.
Used to assault trenches, destroy barbed wire obstacles, machine gun nests
2 (6.5t) crew to 16 (32t) crews; 3-8 mph
Impact: somewhat effective depending on use; infantry support, combined arms
Debate about use breakthrough vs. support
Mechanical breakdowns, lack of speed
Evolution: the modern tank with turrets mobility was also emphasized

48. German Tank

49. Armored Car

50. BARBED WIRE

51. Barbed Wire
Description/Use: sharp twisted strands of wire – not designed to kill
Often used in conjunction with machine guns and trenches
Create barriers while preserving field of fire
Control avenues of approach
Impact: critical to trench defense
Evolution: improved methods of emplacement
Entanglements instead of just fences
Coiled barb wire used late 20th century

52. COMMUNICATIONS

53. Communications
Description/Use: New methods include telephones and wireless (radio)
Impact: Would allow for swift communications for better control by command elements
Key for Command and Control
Used for Artillery Spotting
Need for codes and ciphers (Russians sent radio signals “in the clear” – allowed for Germans to know their plans)
“Runners”, carrier pigeons still used throughout war
Evolution: more portable equipment, more range
but telephone was most reliable
Not until 1980s will new methods be used

54. TRANSPORTATION

55. Transportation
Description/Use : Use of motorized vehicles and railroads to transport supplies and men.
Impact: Railroads were a critical element for mobilization and transport of ultra-heavy artillery
Evolution: As war progressed more trucking used.

56. CHEMICAL WARFARE

57. CHEMICAL WARFARE

58. Chemical Warfare
Description/Use: Chemical gas used to incapacitate or kill enemy. An attempt to find a breakthrough weapon to end stalemate
“tear gas” introduced in 1914
Mustard, chlorine, introduced in 1915
Horrible wounds and death
Initially just “sprayed”
Hard to control
Impact: Troops had to wear masks making fighting difficult
Masks often ineffective
Surprisingly, not a great deal of death
Evolution: Better means of dispersal
artillery shells and bombs
Although outlawed, chemical weapons still made throughout cold war