1. The Molecules of Cells
Chapter Three

2. Inorganic Compounds
Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

3. Organic Compounds

4. Polymers
Cells make large polymers from joining together small molecules/building blocks called monomers
Monomers are linked together by covalent bonds
So, a polymer is a chain-like molecule consisting of many similar/identical monomers

5. Cells Make and Break Polymers Using Two Main Types of Chemical Reactions
Dehydration (synthesis) reactions: are used to link monomers together to form polymers; a molecule of water is lost in the reaction
Each monomer contributes part of the H2O molecule that is lost

6. Cells Make and Break Polymers Using Two Main Types of Chemical Reactions
Hydrolysis reactions: are used to break polymers into monomers; the bond is broken using water
reverse of the dehydration synthesis reactions

7. Type of chemical reaction?
Two events happening in this reaction?
3. Type of chemical reaction?
4. Two events happening in this reaction?

8. Carbohydrates Three classes Contain C, H, and O
Polymers of monosaccharides
Provide cellular fuel & give structure to RNA and DNA
Three classes
Monosaccharides
Ex. Glucose
Disaccharides
Ex’s., fructose, sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides
Ex’s. starch, glycogen, cellulose

9. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

10. Lipids Contain C, H, O, sometimes P Mainly insoluble in water
Several Classes of Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

11. Triglycerides Triglycerides are solid fats and liquid oils
3 fatty acids bound to 1 glycerol (3:1)
Functions
Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

12. Phospholipids Similar to triglycerides
2 fatty acids bound to 1 glycerol (2:1), bound to a phosphate group
Polar “head” and non-polar “tail”
Phospholipids are the main component of cellular membranes

13. Steroids Composed of four fused carbon rings
Ex’s. Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

14. Proteins Contain C, H, O, N, sometimes S Polymers of amino acids
All 20 amino acids have same basic structure
Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)

15. Denaturing Natural Folding
(protein folding animation 2m 19 s) start around 1:11

16. Protein Folding

17. Nucleic Acids Only two examples are DNA and RNA
Contain C, O, H, N, and P
Polymers of nucleotides: nucleotides have 3 parts: a N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

18. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Four bases in DNA:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
Double-stranded, helical
Replicates before every cell division, ensuring genetic continuity
Provides instructions for proteins

19. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

20. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Four bases in RNA:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
Single-stranded
Mainly active outside of nucleus