1. Glaciation – Extent in North America 10,000 Years Ago

2. Formation of a Glacier

3. How a Glacier Moves

4. How Ice Erodes
Scrapes or scours – Rocks are embedded into the bottom of the ice sheet and erode the bedrock as it flows.
Conveyor belt – Embedded rocks are carried in the ice and deposited in the front as debris.
Plucking – Ice freezes around the rock and pulls or plucks it away as it flows.
Bulldozer – Material is pushed along in front.

5. Glacial Features in Waterloo Region

6. Features Caused by Erosion
Picture an ice sheets 1.5 km high carving…
Lake basins (Great Lakes)
Spillways – U-shaped river valleys (Grand
River)
Striations

7. Glacial Spillway – U-shaped Valleys
Grand River

8. Glacial Striations

9. Features Caused by Deposition
Till – Debris left behind by a glacier when it dropped its contents of sediment (big & small). Provides good drainage for cropland.

10. Outwash Plain

11. Kettle Lakes

12. Formation of a Kettle Lake
Local example: Spongy lake (near Baden)

13. Kame Moraine
Baden Hills
Horseshoe Valley
Mt. St. Louis- Moonstone

14. Formation of Moraine

15. Cross-section of Kame Moraine

16. Drumlins – Egg Shaped Hills
Movement of ice
Drumlin fields in Guelph and Peterborough

17. Eskers

18. Thanks to the Glaciers, Waterloo Region has…
Fertile agricultural lands
Till aggregate used in construction
Moraines that filter and purify water
Fresh water rivers and lakes
Scenic landscapes