1. Geography: The Study of Earth

2. Words to Know geography cardinal directions sphere latitude degrees
hemisphere
longitude

3. Geography: The Study of Earth
Geography is the study of the human and nonhuman features of Earth, our home.
Geographers try to answer two basic questions:
Where are things located?
Why are they there?
To answer these questions, geographers study oceans, plant life, landforms, countries, and cities.
Geographers also study how Earth and its people affect each other.

4. Directions
In order to study Earth, geographers need to measure it and locate points on its surface.
One way to do this is with directions.
Geographers use both cardinal and intermediate directions.
The cardinal directions are north, east, south, and west.
Intermediate directions lie between the cardinal directions.
For example, northwest is halfway between north and west.

5. A compass rose is a design on a map that shows directions
A compass rose is a design on a map that shows directions. It shows north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest.

6. When north is at the top of the compass rose, south is at the bottom, east is on the right, and west is on the left.
These are the cardinal directions.

7. North
South
East
West

8. Northeast is between north and east.
This is an intermediate direction.

9. Northwest is between north and west.
This is an intermediate direction.

10. Southeast is between south and east.
This is an intermediate direction.

11. Southwest is between south and west.
This is an intermediate direction.

12. Northeast
Northwest
Southeast
Southwest

13. North
South
East
West
Northeast
Northwest
Southeast
Southwest

14. Use the compass rose EVERYTIME you use a map!

15. Latitude Earth is an almost perfect sphere or round-shaped body.
Geographers have drawn imaginary lines around Earth to help located places on its surface.
One of these is the Equator, a line around Earth halfway between the North and South Poles.

16. Latitude (cont.)
The Equator is also known as the 0-degree (0°) latitude line.
Latitude is the distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured in degrees.
Degrees are units that measure angles. Minutes (‘) measure smaller units.

17. Latitude (cont.)
Lines of latitude form east-west circles around the globe.
Lines of latitude are also called parallels, because they are parallel to one another. That means they never cross.
The Equator divides the Earth in half. Each half of Earth is called a hemisphere.

18. Latitude (cont.)
The half of the Earth north of the Equator is known as the Northern Hemisphere.
The half of Earth south of the Equator is the Southern Hemisphere.

19. Latitude North Pole South Pole90 80 [
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° N.L. at the North Pole. 70 60 50 40 30 20 ]
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° S.L. at the South Pole. 10 10 20 30
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A) 40 50 60 70 80 90

20. Longitude
Geographers have also drawn imaginary north-south lines that run between the North Pole and the South Pole on the Earth’s surface.
One of this lines is the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England.
The Prime Meridian and the other north-south lines measure longitude, or the distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.

21. Longitude Lines of longitude are also called meridians.
The half of the Earth east of the Prime Meridian is known as the Eastern Hemisphere. The half of the Earth west of the Prime Meridian is the Western Hemisphere.

22. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

23. Review Words to Know geography cardinal directions sphere latitude
degrees
hemisphere
longitude

24. Partner Discussion
Compare and Contrast: What is the difference between latitude and longitude?
You will have two minutes to discuss your answers and then we will share.