1. Ch 5 Weathering, soils, and erosion
Review for Quiz

2. Processes that occur at or near the Earth’s surface are called what?

3. Processes that occur at or near the Earth’s surface are called what?
External processes

4. Name 3 processes that move material from higher elevations to lower elevations.

5. Weathering Mass wasting Erosion
Name 3 processes that move material from higher elevations to lower elevations.
Weathering Mass wasting Erosion

6. The physical removal of material by mobile agents.

7. The physical removal of material by mobile agents.
Erosion

8. The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity.

9. The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity.
Mass wasting

10. The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks at the Earth’s surface.

11. The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks at the Earth’s surface.
Weathering

12. What are the two types of weathering?

13. What are the two types of weathering?

14. What are the two types of weathering?
Mechanical and Chemical

15. Which of these two terms go with mechanical weathering. Decomposed
Which of these two terms go with mechanical weathering? Decomposed Disintegration

16. Which of these two terms go with mechanical weathering. Decomposed
Which of these two terms go with mechanical weathering? Decomposed Disintegration
Disintegration

17. This type of weathering breaks large rocks into smaller pieces.

18. This type of weathering breaks large rocks into smaller pieces.
Mechanical

19. The process of water freezing in and expanding joints of rocks is called what?

20. The process of water freezing in and expanding joints of rocks is called what?
Frost Wedging

21. What do we call rock slopes with piles of rock fragments at the bottom?

22. What do we call rock slopes with piles of rock fragments at the bottom?
Talus slopes

23. What mechanical weathering process leads to “sheeting” on exfoliation domes?

24. What mechanical weathering process leads to “sheeting” on exfoliation domes?
Unloading

25. Why does uplift and erosion of overburden lead to sheeting?

26. Why does uplift and erosion of overburden lead to sheeting?
When the pressure of overburden is relieved, the rock in the underlying igneous formation expands.

27. How can biological activity mechanically weather rock?

28. How can biological activity mechanically weather rock?
Tree roots growing in rock joints can pry apart the joint.

29. How can biological activity chemicaly weather rock?

30. How can biological activity chemicaly weather rock?
Decaying organisms and organisms exhaling CO2 into water create acids that weather the rock.

31. How is Carbonic Acid formed?

32. How is Carbonic Acid formed?
CO2 mixed with water create Carbonic Acid (H2CO3).

33. When Silica rocks break down, how does the order of decomposition relate to Bowen’s Reaction series?

34. When Silica rocks break down, how does the order of decomposition relate to Bowen’s Reaction series?
The first minerals that form (at higher temps) are the first to decompose.

35. When Silica rocks break down, what do Feldspars change into?

36. When Silica rocks break down, what do Feldspars change into?
Clay

37. When Silica rocks break down, what does Quartz change into?

38. What do we call it when angular rocks gradually develop rounded edges?

39. What do we call it when angular rocks gradually develop rounded edges?
Spheroidal Weathering

40. What type of weathering produces spheroidal weathering?

41. What type of weathering produces spheroidal weathering?
Chemical Weathering

42. What things effect the rate of weathering?

43. What things effect the rate of weathering?
Mineral makeup Climate

44. What causes a rock to weather more heavily in one location that another location?

45. Differential weathering
What causes a rock to weather more heavily in one location that another location?
Differential weathering

46. What are the four components of soil?

47. What are the four components of soil?
Mineral matter Organics (humus) Air Water

48. What are the five things that control soil formation?

49. What are the five things that control soil formation?
Parent material (rock) Time Climate Plants & animals Slope

50. What are two ways that the parent material affects soil formation?

51. What are two ways that the parent material affects soil formation?
Rate of weathering Soil fertility

52. What is the effect of time on soil formation?

53. What is the effect of time on soil formation?
The longer soil has been forming, the less it resembles the parent material.

54. What is the effect of Climate on soil formation?

55. What is the effect of Climate on soil formation?
The hotter and wetter, the faster soil is created.

56. How does SLOPE affect the formation of soils?

57. How well does soil form on Slopes compared to flat groung?
Soil if formed slower on slopes.

58. Name at least two ways that plants and animals affect soil.

59. Name at least two ways that plants and animals affect soil.
Organisms add organic matter to soil.
Organic matter adds nutrients as it decomposes.
Organic matter holds moisture.
Organic decay produces acids which aid in weathering the soil.
Organisms mix and aerate the soil.

60. Soil formation operates in which direction (top-down or bottom-up)?

61. Soil formation operates in which direction (top-down or bottom-up)?
Top towards the bottom.

62. A vertical cross-section through the soil from the surface to the parent rock is called what?

63. A vertical cross-section through the soil from the surface to the parent rock is called what?
Soil profile

64. What do we call the different layers in a soil profile?

65. What do we call the different layers in a soil profile?
Horizons

66. In a generic soil profile, what is the name of the soil horizons from the top down?

67. In a generic soil profile, what is the name of the soil horizons from the top down?
O, A, E, B, C, Parent Material

68. Describe the O horizon

69. It has living and decaying organic matter.
Describe the O horizon
It has living and decaying organic matter.

70. Describe the A horizon

71. It is a mixture of mineral soil and humus.
Describe the A horizon
It is a mixture of mineral soil and humus.

72. What is humus?

73. The decayed remains of animals and plants.
What is humus?
The decayed remains of animals and plants.

74. What does the E in E horizon stand for?

75. What does the E in E horizon stand for?
Eluviation

76. What does Eluviation mean?

77. What does Eluviation mean?
The loss of fine soil particles from a soil horizon due to the leaching action of water draining downward.

78. What color is the E horizon?

79. What color is the E horizon?
Light colored

80. Describe the B horizon

81. Describe the B horizon
It is usually has high nutrient levels because it accumulates minerals eluviated from above.

82. Describe the C horizon

83. It contains partially weathered parent material.
Describe the C horizon
It contains partially weathered parent material.

84. What soil horizons, together are called the “true soil?”

85. What soil horizons, together are called the “true soil?”
O, A, E, and B

86. What soil type forms in temperate humid climates with forests?

87. What soil type forms in temperate humid climates with forests?
Pedalfer

88. What soil type forms in temperate dry climates with grass and brushy vegatation?

89. What soil type forms in temperate dry climates with grass and brushy vegatation?
Pedocal

90. What soil type forms in tropical climates with grass and trees?

91. What soil type forms in tropical climates with grass and trees?
Laterite

92. What are common agents of soil erosion?

93. What are common agents of soil erosion?
Water, wind, and ice

94. What conditions make soil erosion to worsen?

95. What conditions make soil erosion to worsen?
Dry soil
Steep slope
Loss of natural vegetation

96. Soil that is eroded becomes what when it is deposited?

97. Soil that is eroded becomes what when it is deposited?
Sediment

98. What is the term that refers to the concentration of ores by illuviation or eluviation?

99. What is the term that refers to the concentration of ores by illuviation or eluviation?
Secondary enrichment