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The Articles of Confederation
Independence Hall Philadelphia, PA
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Assignment: You will receive a handout of the condensed version of the “Articles of Confederation” and you will create a chart (one per group) of the state government powers and national government powers
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Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
State Government Powers National Government Powers Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
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Go to mprapush.weebly.com go to Period Three- Articles of Confederation AOC DBQ and download DBQ
In groups, write a thesis sentence that answers the prompt. Then create an outline for your essay.
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Overview
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Articles of Confederation
2nd Continental Congress 1777 Confederation = loose association 1 branch… legislative One vote per state Laws must pass a 3/4 vote Amendments must be unanimous
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Accomplishments
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Continental Army
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State-by-State Claims to Western Lands
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Land Ordinance 0f 1785
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Land Ordinance of 1785 Surveys Sale of public lands
Pay off national debt Orderly settlement 16th section… funding for public education
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Territories become full states No new slavery in the northwest
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Northwest Indian War
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Indian Land Cessions
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Failures
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Failures of the AoC
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Commerce
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Taxation
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Foreign Threats Britain Indians Spain France Barbary Pirates
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Shays’ Rebellion
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The Constitutional Convention
Independence Hall Philadelphia, PA 1787
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Who? 55 delegates arrived, with each state except Rhode Island represented George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin were among the delegates Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were not present
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Who? George Washington was picked to preside over the convention
James Madison’s ideas would prove the most influential; he is known as the “Father of the Constitution”
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Where? Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now called Independence Hall) Same location as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the AoC
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Where? Summer heat! …and the windows were closed because delegates agreed to keep the proceedings secret
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Independence Hall and Philadelphia’s modern skyline
Where? Delegates were sent to amend the Articles of Confederation But the problems with the AoC convinced the delegates that an entirely new constitution was needed Independence Hall and Philadelphia’s modern skyline
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Overview
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The Constitution 3 branches Checks & balances
Majority rule, minority rights Federalism = strong central govt Article I – legislative Article II – executive Article III – judicial Article IV – states Article V – amendment process Article VI – national supremacy Article VII – ratification Amendments… starting with Bill of Rights
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Compromises
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Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises
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James Madison Virginia Plan
The Great Compromise vs. James Madison Virginia Plan William Paterson New Jersey Plan
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Roger Sherman of Connecticut
The Great Compromise The Solution: Bicameral (two-house) legislature House of Representatives with proportional representation Senate with equal representation (2 per state, chosen by state legislatures until passage of 17th Amendment) Sometimes called the Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman of Connecticut
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Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises Three Fifths Compromise
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Three-Fifths Compromise
vs. What would federalist favor what would anti federalists favor and why? Slave States of the South (Mostly) Free States of the North
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Three-Fifths Compromise
The Solution: For purposes of representation, every five slaves would count as three “people” in the census 5 equals What would federalist favor what would anti federalists favor and why 3
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Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise
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How should the president be chosen?
Electoral College How should the president be chosen? Direct Election by the People Chosen by Congress vs. What would federalist favor what would anti federalists favor and why
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George Washington, our first President
Electoral College The Solution: Indirect election –voters cast ballots for president… The candidate who wins a majority in each state takes all the state’s electoral votes George Washington, our first President
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Electoral votes per state = # senators + # representatives
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Electoral votes per state = # senators + # representatives
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Constitutional Compromises
Trade Compromise The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise
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vs. Trade Compromise North - South -
wanted government to have power to regulate trade South - Feared interference with slave trade, taxes on exports What would federalist favor what would anti federalists favor and why
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The importation of slaves continued until 1808
Trade Compromise The Solution: Congress gets power to regulate trade Congress cannot tax exports; Congress cannot regulate/ban the slave trade for 20 years The importation of slaves continued until 1808
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Constitutional Compromises
Trade Compromise The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise
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Ratification
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The Finished Constitution
On Sept. 7, 1787 all but three delegates signed the final draft of the Constitution
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Ratification Debate Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
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The Debate Federalist Papers:
Written by Federalists Hamilton, Madison, and Jay Essays explaining and supporting ratification Published first in leading newspapers, later in book form Similar to the writers of The Federalist, some wrote urging rejection of the Constitution: Letters From the Federal Farmer (Lee and Smith) Observations on the New Constitution (Warren) “Objections to This Constitution of Government” (Mason)
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Bill of Rights Added to appease critics of the Constitution (anti-Federalists)
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The Bill of Rights I – RAPPS (Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech) II – right to bear arms III – no quartering troops during peacetime IV – no unlawful search and seizure V – rights of accused persons VI – right to an attorney and trial by jury VII – civil suits over $20 get jury trial VIII – no cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail IX – citizens have more rights than are listed here X – reserved rights of the states
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Tenth Amendment The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
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Later Compromise North gets consolidation of national debt (northern states had larger debts b/c most of war occurred there) South gets national capital moved south from New York to District of Columbia (between Maryland & Virginia)
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