1. Tuesday, April 17
Today’s topic:
Kohlberg, Social development and Erikson
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Pages , should already be read
Tonight Read pages
Finish Erikson chart
Assessments:
Test: Thursday, 4/19
What are the 4 stages in Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Do you think parenting style plays a role in a child’s development?
Give examples

2. Social Development Theory
Lev Vygotsky
Stressed the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition
Believed social learning tends to come before cognitive development
Placed more emphasis on culture affecting/shaping cognitive development

3. Social Development Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments
Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother
Video 1
Video 2

4. Social Development
Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.

5. Social Development Critical Period Imprinting
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (Konrad Lorenz)

6. Social Development 20 40 60 80
100
3.5
5.5
7.5
9.5
11.5
13.5 29
Percentage
of infants
who cried
when their
mothers left
Age in months
Day care
Home
Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).

7. Adolescence: Social Development
The changing parent-child relationship
100% 80 60 40 20
2 to to to 11
Ages of child in years
Percent with
positive, warm
interaction
with parents

8. Parenting Style:
Do you think parenting style plays a role in a child’s development?
Give examples
Strict vs. Easy-going

9. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
“Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”
Authoritative
both demanding and responsive
set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Permissive
submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment
Does differences in parenting style affect a child’s development?

10. Part of your homework tonight:
Have a conversation tonight with your parent/guardian tonight about parenting:
What type of parenting style their parents/guardians had on them?
What effect did it have on their development?
What type of parenting style do they think they have on you?
What affect do they think their current parenting style has had on you?

11. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximate
age Stage Description of Task
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants
(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and
(2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks
(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary Competence vs Children learn the pleasure of applying
(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel
puberty) inferior.

12. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximate
age Stage Description of Task
Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by
(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to
20’s) form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation-
(20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate
40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-
(40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older
(late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or
up) failure.

13. Social Development Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) Self-Concept
a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

14. Adolescence: Social Development
Identity
one’s sense of self
the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Intimacy
the ability to form close, loving relationships
a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

15. Wednesday, April 18 Today’s topic: Upcoming Dates:
Erikson, Adolescence and Adulthood
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read pages
Assessments:
Test: Test, tomorrow
Who are the three major developmental psychologists and what do they focus on?
Erikson stated that the most important thing that we can do in our lifetime is to find our identity. Why do you think this is so important?
How do people learn how “to act” like a girl or a boy?

16. Adolescence Adolescence Puberty
the transition period from childhood to adulthood
extending from puberty to independence
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation
when a person becomes capable of reproduction

17. Body Changes at Puberty

18. Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics
body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
ovaries--female
testes--male
external genitalia

19. Adolescence Secondary Sex Characteristics Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
nonreproductive sexual characteristics
female--breast and hips
male--voice quality and body hair
Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
first menstrual period

20. Adolescence
In the 1890’s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years 10 20
7.2 Year Interval
12.5 Year Interval
Age
1890, Women
1995, Women

21. Adolescence
Height in
centimeters
190
170
150
130
110 90 70 50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Age in years
Boys
Girls
Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.

22. Nurture of Gender Nurture of Gender
Gender Roles – our expectations about the way men and women should behave in certain cultures
How are they learned?
Gender Identity – our sense of being male or female
Can correlate with assigned sex at birth, or can differ from it completely
Gender typing – boys and girls are aware of their gender and thus exhibit traditional male and female traits and interests as their own

23. Adulthood
What are some of the unique things that happen in adulthood and late-adulthood?
Physically
Cognitively
Socially

24. Thursday, December 21 Today’s topic:
Kohlberg and Adulthood
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read pages by the New Year
Assessments:
Test: Test, Friday January 5
What is the difference between Crystallized Intelligence and Fluid Intelligence?
What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional study?

25. Adulthood: Physical Development
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation
also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Alzheimer’s Disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning

26. Adulthood: Physical Development
The Aging Senses
1.00
0.75
Proportion of normal
(20/20) vision when
identifying letters on
an eye chart
0.50
0.25 10 30 50 70 90
Age in years

27. Adulthood: Physical Development
The Aging Senses 90
Percent correct when
Identifying smells 70 50 10 30 50 70 90
Age in years

28. Adulthood: Physical Development
The Aging Senses 90
Percent correct when
identifying spoken
words 70 50 10 30 50 70 90
Age in years

29. Adulthood: Physical Development
Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.
Fatal
accident
rate 12 10
Fatal accidents
per 100 million miles 8
Fatal accidents
per 10,000 drivers 6 4 2 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
75 and
over
Age

30. Adulthood: Physical Development
Incidence of Dementia by Age
Risk of dementia
increases in later
years
Age Group
40% 30 20 10
Percentage
with dementia

31. Adulthood: Cognitive Development
100
Older age groups have
poorer performance
Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).
Percent
of names
recalled 90 80
After three
introductions 70 60 50
After two
introductions 40 30 20
After one
introductions 10 18 40 50 60 70
Age group

32. Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Number
Of words
remembered
In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. 24 20
Number of words
recognized is
stable with age 16 12 8
Number of words
recalled declines
with age 4 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age in years

33. Adulthood- Cognitive Development
Intelligence
(IQ) score
Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989).
Verbal scores are
stable with age
105
100 95 90
Nonverbal scores
decline with age 85 80 75 20 25 35 45 55 65 70
Verbal scores
Nonverbal scores
Age group

34. Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Crystallized Intelligence
one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
tends to decrease during late adulthood

35. Adulthood: Social Development
Early-forties midlife crisis?
Females
Males
No early 40s
emotional crisis
Age in Years
24% 16 8
Emotional
instability

36. Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Cross-Sectional Study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Longitudinal Study
a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Reasoning
ability
score
Cross-sectional method
suggests decline 60 55 50
Longitudinal method
suggests more stability 45 40 35 25 32 39 46 53 60 67 74 81
Age in years
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method

37. Adulthood: Social Changes
Social Clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events
marriage
parenthood
retirement

38. Adulthood: Social Changes
Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990).
Percentage
“satisfied”
with life
as a whole 80 60 40 20 15 25 35 45 55
65+
Age group

39. Adulthood: Social Changes