In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of.

In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of Mars. Science involves asking questions about nature and then finding ways to answer them.

Science From Curiosity
How does the process of science start and end? Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery.

Science From Curiosity
Curiosity provides questions, but scientific results rely on finding answers. In some experiments, observations are qualitative, or descriptive. In other experiments, observations are quantitative, or numerical. Some questions—for example, how the universe began—cannot be answered by direct observations and measurements but only by other kinds of evidence.

Science and Technology
What is the relationship between science and technology? Science and technology are interdependent. Advances in one lead to advances in the other.

Science and Technology
Science is a system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge. The goal of science is to expand knowledge. Technology is the use of knowledge to solve practical problems. The goal of technology is to apply knowledge.

Branches of Science What are the branches of natural science?

Branches of Science Natural science is generally divided into three branches: physical science, Earth and space science, and life science.

Physical science focuses on nonliving things.
Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Physics is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion.

The application of physics and chemistry to the study of Earth is called Earth science.
Geology is the study of the origin, history, structure, and systems of Earth. Astronomy is the study of the universe beyond Earth.

The study of living things is known as biology, or life science.
Biology includes the physics and chemistry of living things, as well as their origin and behavior. Biologists study the different ways that organisms grow, survive, and reproduce.

There is overlap between different areas of science.
Much of biology involves changes that are part of chemistry, while much of chemistry is defined by interactions that are part of physics Biophysics is a growing area of physics that applies physics to biology.

The Big Ideas of Physical Science
Space and Time The universe is both very old and very big. Matter and Change A very small amount of the universe is matter. All matter that you are familiar with is made up of building blocks called atoms.

The Big Ideas of Physical Science
Forces and Motion Forces cause changes in motion. The laws of physics allow these changes to be calculated exactly. Energy Energy exists in many forms. Energy can be transferred from one form or object to another, but it can never be destroyed.

An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is
Assessment Questions An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is a radio telescope. the law of conservation of energy. nuclear fusion in the core of a star. the speed of light.

An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is
Assessment Questions An example of technology that is related to the science of physics is a radio telescope. the law of conservation of energy. nuclear fusion in the core of a star. the speed of light. ANS: A

Assessment Questions Which of the following would not be included among the main ideas of physical science? space and time matter and change forces, motion, and energy living systems and organisms

Assessment Questions Which of the following would not be included among the main ideas of physical science? space and time matter and change forces, motion, and energy living systems and organisms ANS: D

Assessment Questions Natural science is divided into three overlapping branches: physical science, earth and space science, and life science. True False

Assessment Questions Natural science is divided into three overlapping branches: physical science, earth and space science, and life science. True False ANS: T

Scientific Methods What is the goal of a scientific method?

Scientific Methods An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information is called a scientific method. You can use a scientific method to search for the answer to a question. Scientific methods can vary from case to case, depending on the question and how the researcher decides to look for an answer.

Scientific Methods The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event.

Scientific Methods Here is an example of a scientific method. Each step uses specific skills. The order of steps can vary. Sometimes you will use all of the steps and other times only some of them.

Scientific Methods Making Observations Scientific investigations often begin with observations. An observation is information that you obtain through your senses. Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question.

In an experiment, any factor that can change is called a variable.
Scientific Methods Testing a Hypothesis In an experiment, any factor that can change is called a variable. Manipulated variable (independent) causes a change. Responding variable (responding) changes in response to the manipulated variable. Controlled experiment is an experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time.

Scientific Methods Drawing Conclusions A conclusion describes how facts apply to a hypothesis. Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning apply. Claim: Answers the testable question Evidence: Facts and observations Reasoning: Scientific concepts and terms

Scientific Methods Developing a Theory A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. Once a hypothesis has been supported in repeated experiments, scientists can begin to develop a theory.

Testable Questions have two parts:
Manipulated/independent variable Responding/dependent variable

Testable Question Formats
Does changing _______ affect _______? How does changing _____ affect _____? If I change ______ will it affect ______? Manipulated/independent variable Responding/dependent variable Manipulated/independent variable Responding/dependent variable Manipulated/independent variable Responding/dependent variable

What is a “Testable” vs. “Non-Testable” Question?
A Testable Question can be answered by designing and conducting an experiment. Example: 1. Does Pepsi have more carbonation than Coke? What is the effect of cigarette smoke on lung cancer?

What is a “Testable” vs. “Non-Testable” Question?
A Non-Testable Question cannot be answered by conducting an experiment. For example: 1. Why is PINK the best color in the world? 2. Albert Einstein was the best physicist in the world!

Creating Scientific Questions that are testable
There are guidelines for writing scientific questions. 1. A good scientific question is one that can have an answer and be tested. For example: “Why is that a star?” is not as good as “What are stars made of?” 2. A good scientific question can be tested by some experiment or measurement that you can do. For example: “Where does the Sun come from? is not as good as “How will human skin react to solar radiation where one participant is covered in SPF 30 sunscreen lotion and the other participant is not covered in sunscreen lotion.

Creating Scientific Questions that are testable
There are guidelines for writing scientific questions. 3. A good scientific question builds on what you already know. For example: “Will fertilizer make grass grow greener?” is not as good as “What types of fertilizer will make grass grow greener?” 4. A good scientific question, when answered, leads to other good questions. For example: “What is the flu” does not lead to as many questions as “How does the flu attack the human immune system? The above questions ask “What and How” in a way that focuses in on the specific problem to be studied. The questions should be framed in a way that it can be tested.

Scientific Methods Question: How does speed affect how wet you get in the rain? Hypothesis: The faster your speed, the drier you will stay. Experiment: Test whether speed affects how wet you get in the rain.

Scientific Laws How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?

Scientific Laws After repeated observations or experiments, scientists may arrive at a scientific law. A scientific law is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. For example, Newton’s law of gravity is a scientific law that has been verified over and over. Scientists have yet to agree on a theory that explains how gravity works.

Scientific Laws A scientific law describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it. The explanation of such a pattern is provided by a scientific theory.

Scientific Models Why are scientific models useful? A model is a representation of an object or event. A street map is a model of a city. Scientific models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly.

Scientific Models This computer model represents the interior of an airplane. It helps the engineers visualize the layout of the plane.

Scientific Models Models help you visualize things that are too small to see, such as atoms, or things that are large, such as the solar system. An example of a mental, rather than physical, model might be that comets are like giant snowballs, primarily made of ice. As new data are collected, models can be changed or be replaced by new models.

Working Safely in Science
Safety plays an important role in science. Laboratory work may involve flames or hot plates, electricity, chemicals, hot liquids, sharp instruments, and breakable glassware. Always follow your teacher’s instructions and the textbook directions exactly.

Assessment Questions What is a hypothesis?
a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results an experiment in which only one variable is deliberately changed at a time a proposed answer to a question

Assessment Questions What is a hypothesis?
a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results an experiment in which only one variable is deliberately changed at a time a proposed answer to a question ANS: D

How does a scientific law differ from a theory?
Assessment Questions How does a scientific law differ from a theory? A scientific law describes observations while a theory provides an explanation. A scientific law cannot be changed by additional observations, but a theory can be changed. A theory is a possible explanation, but a scientific law is a proven explanation. There is no difference because scientific law and theory are two terms that mean the same thing.

Assessment Questions How does a scientific law differ from a theory? A scientific law describes observations while a theory provides an explanation. A scientific law cannot be changed by additional observations, but a theory can be changed. A theory is a possible explanation, but a scientific law is a proven explanation. There is no difference because scientific law and theory are two terms that mean the same thing. ANS: A

What is the main purpose of a scientific model?
Assessment Questions What is the main purpose of a scientific model? to show how a hypothesis was developed to prove a theory to make complex concepts easier to understand to show a large object, such as the Earth, in a smaller form

What is the main purpose of a scientific model?
Assessment Questions What is the main purpose of a scientific model? to show how a hypothesis was developed to prove a theory to make complex concepts easier to understand to show a large object, such as the Earth, in a smaller form ANS: C

Assessment Questions How does a scientific law differ from a theory? Assume that it is safe because the school would not allow unsafe chemicals. Assume that it is a hazardous chemical because all chemicals are dangerous. Ask your teacher or check the procedure to find the correct safety precautions. Ask your lab partner whether the chemical is hazardous or not.

Assessment Questions How does a scientific law differ from a theory? Assume that it is safe because the school would not allow unsafe chemicals. Assume that it is a hazardous chemical because all chemicals are dangerous. Ask your teacher or check the procedure to find the correct safety precautions. Ask your lab partner whether the chemical is hazardous or not. ANS: C

How old are you. How tall are you
How old are you? How tall are you? The answers to these questions are measurements. Measurements are important in both science and everyday life. It would be difficult to imagine doing science without any measurements.

Using Scientific Notation
Why is scientific notation useful?

Why is scientific notation useful? Scientists often work with very large or very small numbers. Astronomers estimate there are 200,000,000,000 stars in our galaxy.

Scientific notation is a way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10. For example, the speed of light is about 300,000,000 meters per second. In scientific notation, that speed is 3.0 × 108 m/s. The exponent, 8, tells you that the decimal point is really 8 places to the right of the 3.

For numbers less than 1 that are written in scientific notation, the exponent is negative. For example, an average snail’s pace is meters per second. In scientific notation, that speed is 8.6 × 10-4 m/s. The negative exponent tells you how many decimals places there are to the left of the 8.6.

To multiply numbers written in scientific notation, you multiply the numbers that appear before the multiplication signs and add the exponents. The following example demonstrates how to calculate the distance light travels in 500 seconds. This is about the distance between the sun and Earth.

When dividing numbers written in scientific notation, you divide the numbers that appear before the exponential terms and subtract the exponents. The following example demonstrates how to calculate the time it takes light from the sun to reach Earth.

A rectangular parking lot has a length of 1.1 × 103 meters and a width of 2.4 × 103 meters. What is the area of the parking lot?

Read and Understand What information are you given?

Plan and Solve What unknown are you trying to calculate? What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown? Replace each variable with its known value

Look Back and Check Is your answer reasonable? Yes, the number calculated is the product of the numbers given, and the units (m2) indicate area.

Look Back and Check 1. Perform the following calculations. Express your answers in scientific notation. a. (7.6 × 10-4 m) × (1.5 × 107 m) b ÷ 29 2. Calculate how far light travels in 8.64 × 104 seconds. (Hint: The speed of light is about 3.0 × 108 m/s.)

SI Units of Measurement
What units do scientists use for their measurements?

Scientists use a set of measuring units called SI, or the International System of Units. Scientists around the world use the same system of measurements so that they can readily interpret one another’s measurements.

Seven metric base units make up the foundation of SI.

Additional SI units, called derived units, are made from combinations of base units. Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object. Density is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume:

Specific combinations of SI base units yield derived units.

Metric Prefixes The metric unit is not always a convenient one to use. A metric prefix indicates how many times a unit should be multiplied or divided by 10.

A conversion factor is a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit. To convert the height of Mount Everest, 8848 meters, into kilometers, multiply by the conversion factor on the left.

To convert kilometers back into meters, multiply by the conversion factor on the right. Since you are converting from kilometers to meters, the number should get larger. In this case, the kilometer units cancel, leaving you with meters.

Limits of Measurement How does the precision of measurements affect the precision of scientific calculations?

Limits of Measurement Precision Precision is a gauge of how exact a measurement is. Significant figures are all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated.

Limits of Measurement The precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in the calculation.

Limits of Measurement A more precise time can be read from the digital clock than can be read from the analog clock. The digital clock is precise to the nearest second, while the analog clock is precise to the nearest minute.

Limits of Measurement If the least precise measurement in a calculation has three significant figures, then the calculated answer can have at most three significant figures. Mass = grams Volume = 4.42 cubic centimeters. Rounding to three significant figures, the density is 7.86 grams per cubic centimeter.

Limits of Measurement Accuracy Another important quality in a measurement is its accuracy. Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured. For example, suppose a digital clock is running 15 minutes slow. Although the clock would remain precise to the nearest second, the time displayed would not be accurate.

Measuring Temperature
A thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is.

The two temperature scales that you are probably most familiar with are the Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale. A degree Celsius is almost twice as large as a degree Fahrenheit. You can convert from one scale to the other by using one of the following formulas.

The SI base unit for temperature is the kelvin (K). A temperature of 0 K, or 0 kelvin, refers to the lowest possible temperature that can be reached. In degrees Celsius, this temperature is –273.15°C. To convert between kelvins and degrees Celsius, use the formula:

Temperatures can be expressed in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius, or kelvins.

Assessment Questions A shopping mall has a length of 200 meters and a width of 75 meters. What is the area of the mall, in scientific notation? 1 × 103 m2 1.5 × 103 m2 1.5 × 104 m2 1.75 × 104 m2

Assessment Questions A shopping mall has a length of 200 meters and a width of 75 meters. What is the area of the mall, in scientific notation? 1 × 103 m2 1.5 × 103 m2 1.5 × 104 m2 1.75 × 104 m2 ANS: C

Assessment Questions A student measures the volume and mass of a liquid. The volume is 50.0 mL and the mass is g. What is the correct calculated value of the liquid’s density? (A calculator reads ) 1.6 g/cm3 1.57 g/cm3 1.569 g/cm3 g/cm3

Assessment Questions A student measures the volume and mass of a liquid. The volume is 50.0 mL and the mass is g. What is the correct calculated value of the liquid’s density? (A calculator reads ) 1.6 g/cm3 1.57 g/cm3 1.569 g/cm3 g/cm3 ANS: B

Assessment Questions How can you convert a temperature expressed in kelvin (K) to degree Celsius (°C)? add 32 subtract 32 add 273 subtract 273

Assessment Questions How can you convert a temperature expressed in kelvin (K) to degree Celsius (°C)? add 32 subtract 32 add 273 subtract 273 ANS: C

Assessment Questions The SI base unit for length is the mile. True False

Assessment Questions The SI base unit for length is the mile. True False ANS: F, meter

Organizing Data How do scientists organize data?

Organizing Data Scientists can organize their data by using data tables and graphs.

Organizing Data Data Tables
The simplest way to organize data is to present them in a table. This table relates two variables—a manipulated variable (location) and a responding variable (average annual precipitation).

Organizing Data Line Graphs A line graph is useful for showing changes that occur in related variables. In a line graph, the manipulated variable is generally plotted on the horizontal axis, or x-axis. The responding variable is plotted on the vertical axis, or y-axis, of the graph.

Sometimes the data points in a graph yield a straight line.
Organizing Data Sometimes the data points in a graph yield a straight line. The steepness, or slope, of this line is the ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change. The formula for the slope of the line is

Organizing Data Plotting the mass of water against the volume of water yields a straight line.

Organizing Data A direct proportion is a relationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant. The relationship between the mass and the volume of water is an example of a direct proportion. A 3-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 3 grams. A 6-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 6 grams. A 9-cubic-centimeter sample of water has a mass of 9 grams.

Organizing Data This graph shows how the flow rate of a water faucet affects the time required to fill a 1-gallon pot.

Organizing Data An inverse proportion is a relationship in which the product of two variables is a constant. A flow rate of 0.5 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 2 minutes. A flow rate of 1 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 1 minute. A flow rate of 2 gallons per minute will fill the pot in 0.5 minute.

Organizing Data 2. Inferring How would doubling the data transfer rate affect the upload time? Answer: Doubling the data transfer rate would halve the upload time.

Organizing Data Bar Graphs A bar graph is often used to compare a set of measurements, amounts, or changes.

Organizing Data Circle Graphs
If you think of a pie cut into pieces, you have a mental model of a circle graph. A circle graph shows how a part or share of something relates to the whole.

Communicating Data How can scientists communicate experimental data?

Communicating Data Scientists can communicate results by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences.

Communicating Data Scientists also exchange information through conversations, s, and Web sites. Young scientists often present their research at science fairs.

Communicating Data Peer review is a process in which scientists examine other scientists’ work. Peer review encourages comments, suggestions, questions, and criticism from other scientists. Based on their peers’ responses, the scientists who submitted their work for review can then reevaluate how to best interpret their data.

Assessment Questions Which type of graph is most useful for showing how part of something relates to the whole? bar circle column line

Assessment Questions Which type of graph is most useful for showing how part of something relates to the whole? bar circle column line ANS: B

Assessment Questions How does a line graph generally show the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable? The manipulated variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the responding variable is plotted on the y-axis. The responding variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the manipulated variable is plotted on the y-axis. The manipulated variable is plotted on the graph, and the responding variable is shown by the slope. The responding variable is plotted on the graph, and the manipulated variable is shown by the slope.

Assessment Questions How does a line graph generally show the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable? The manipulated variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the responding variable is plotted on the y-axis. The responding variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the manipulated variable is plotted on the y-axis. The manipulated variable is plotted on the graph, and the responding variable is shown by the slope. The responding variable is plotted on the graph, and the manipulated variable is shown by the slope. ANS: A

Assessment Questions How do scientists communicate the results of scientific investigations? by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences using secret code only through by writing in literary journals

Assessment Questions How do scientists communicate the results of scientific investigations? by writing in scientific journals or speaking at conferences using secret code only through by writing in literary journals ANS: A

Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process?
Assessment Questions Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process? Peer review makes sure that the correct researcher gets credit for discoveries. Peer review helps identify errors or bias in research. Peer review is the system used to report information to other scientists. Peer review helps other scientists form theories about a discovery.

Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process?
Assessment Questions Why is peer review an important part of the scientific process? Peer review makes sure that the correct researcher gets credit for discoveries. Peer review helps identify errors or bias in research. Peer review is the system used to report information to other scientists. Peer review helps other scientists form theories about a discovery. ANS: B

In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of.

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In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of.

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Presentation on theme: "In July 1997, the six-wheeled Sojourner rover became the first robot to explore planet Mars. Sojourner was built to answer questions about the nature of."— Presentation transcript:

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