1. Power Amplifiers

2. Definitions Slide 1 In small-signal amplifiers the main factors are
• amplification
• linearity
• gain
Large-signal or power amplifiers function primarily to provide sufficient power to drive the output device. These amplifier circuits will handle large voltage signals and high current levels. The main factors are
• efficiency
• maximum power capability
• impedance matching to the output device

3. Amplifier Types Slide 2 • Class A • Class B • Class AB • Class C
• Class D

4. Class A Amplifier Slide 3
The output of a Class A amplifier conducts for the full 360 of the cycle.
The Q-point (bias level) must be biased towards the middle of the load line so that the AC signal can swing a full cycle. Remember that the DC load line indicates the maximum and minimum limits set by the DC power supply. 1) No distortion 2) Low efficiency(25% to 50%)

5. Class B Amplifier Slide 4
A Class B amplifier output only conducts for 180 or ½ of the input signal.
The Q-point (bias level) is at 0V on the load line, so that the AC signal can only swing for ½ of a cycle.1) Distorted output 2) Higher efficiency (78.5%)

6. Class AB Amplifier Slide 5
This amplifier is in between the Class A and Class B. The Q-point (bias level) is above the Class B but below the Class A.
The output conducts between 180 and 360 of the AC input signal.
Lower distortion than Class B
Higher efficiency

7. Class C
Slide 6
The output of the Class C conducts for less than 180 of the AC cycle. The Q-point (bias level) is at cutoff, the output signal is very small.
1) Higher efficiency (90%)

8. Class D
Slide 7
The Class D output is more like a pulse. It does not resemble the AC sinewave input.
1) Very high efficiency (> 90%)

9. Amplifier Efficiency Slide 8
Efficiency refers to the ratio of output to input power. The lower the amount of conduction of the amplifier the higher the efficiency.

10. Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Slide 9
This is similar to the small-signal amplifier except that it will handle higher voltages. The transistor used is a high power transistor.

11. AC Operation: Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Slide 10
A small input signal will cause the output voltage to swing to a maximum of Vcc and a minimum of 0V. The current can also swing from 0 mA to ICSAT (Vcc/RC)

12. Input Power: Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Slide 11
The power into the amplifier is from the DC supply. With no input signal, the DC current drawn is the collector bias current, ICQ.
Power input:

13. Output Power: Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Slide 12

14. Efficiency: Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Slide 13
The maximum efficiency is at maximum output and current swings.
It is 25% for a Class A amplifier.

15. Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
Slide 14
This circuit uses a transformer to couple to the load. This improves the efficiency of the Class A to 50%.

16. Transformer Action Slide 15
The transformer improves the efficiency because of the transformation of voltage and current through the transformer.
Voltage Ratio:
Current Ratio:
The transformer aids in impedance matching to the load. Remember that transformers transform voltage, current, and impedance.
For lossless transformer : P1 = P2
V1I1 = V2I2
(or) I12 RL’ = I22RL
RL’ = (I22/I12) RL
RL’ = (I2/I1)2 RL
RL’ = (N1/N2)2 RL
Impedance Ratio:

17. Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
AC Operation
Slide 16
DC Load Line Slope = -1/Rdc = -1/0 =∞.Hence vertical line.VCEQ = VCC
As in all Class A amplifiers the Q-point is established close to the midpoint of the DC load line.
AC Load Line Slope = -1/Rac = -1/RL’.Point of intersection is Q-point.
∆ IC = VCEQ / RAC and ∆ VCE = ICQ RAC = VCEQ
The saturation point (ICmax) is now at Vcc/RL and the cutoff point is at V2 (the secondary voltage of the transformer).
This increases the maximum output swing because the minimum and maximum values of IC and VCE are spread further apart.

18. Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier Signal Swing and Output AC Power
Slide 17
The voltage swing: VCE(p-p) = VCEmax - VCEmin
The current swing: ICE (p-p) = ICmax - ICmin
The AC power:

19. Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier Efficiency
Slide 18
Power input from the DC source:
Power dissipated as heat across the transistor:
Note: The larger the input and output signal, the lower the heat dissipation.
The maximum efficiency:
Note: The larger VCEmax and smaller VCEmin, the closer the efficiency approaches the
theoretical maximum of 50%.

20. Class B Amplifier Slide 19
In Class B the dc bias leaves the transistor biased just off. The AC signal turns the transistor on. This is essentially no bias.
The transistor only conducts when it is turned on by ½ of the AC cycle.
In order to get a full AC cycle out of a Class B amplifier, you need two transistors.
One is an npn transistor that provides the negative half of the AC cycle and the other is a pnp transistor that provides the positive half.

21. Class B Amplifier: Efficiency
Slide 20
The maximum efficiency of a Class B is 78.5%.
% = Po(AC)/Pi(DC) *100
[Formula 15.25]
for maximum power VL = Vcc
[Formula 15.26]

22. Class B Amplifier Circuits Transformer-Coupled Push-Pull
Slide 21
Class B Amplifier Circuits
Transformer-Coupled Push-Pull
The center-tapped transformer on the input produces opposite polarity signals to the two transistor inputs.
And the center-tapped transformer on the output combines the two halves of the AC waveform together.

23. Class B Amplifier Circuits
Slide 22
Class B Amplifier Circuits
Push-Pull Operation
During the positive half of the AC input cycle:
Transistor Q1 (npn) is conducting and Q2 (pnp) is off.
During the negative half of the AC input cycle:
Transistor Q2 (pnp) is conducting and Q1 (npn) is off.
Each transistor produces ½ of an AC cycle. The transformer combines the two outputs to form a full AC cycle.

24. Class B Amplifier Circuits
Slide 23
Class B Amplifier Circuits
Crossover Distortion
If the transistors Q1 and Q2 do not turn on and off at exactly the same time, then there is a gap in the output voltage.

25. Class B Amplifier Circuits Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
Slide 24
Class B Amplifier Circuits
Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
A Darlington pair and a Feedback pair combination perform the push-pull operation. This increases the output power capability.

26. Amplifier Distortion Slide 25
If the output of an amplifier is not a complete AC sinewave, then it is distorting the output. The amplifier is non-linear.
This distortion can be analyzed using Fourier analysis. In Fourier analysis any distorted periodic waveform can be broken down into frequency components.
These components are harmonics of the fundamental frequency.

27. Harmonics
Slide 26
Harmonics are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency.
Fundamental frequency: 5kHz
1st harmonic: 1 x 5kHz
2nd harmonic: 2 x 5kHz
3rd harmonic: 3 x 5kHz
4th harmonic: 4 x 5kHz
etc.
Note that the 1st and 3rd harmonics are called odd harmonics and the 2nd and 4th are called even harmonics.

28. Harmonic Distortion Slide 27
According to Fourier analysis if a signal is not a complete AC sinewave, then it contains harmonics.

29. Harmonic Distortion Calculations
Slide 28
Harmonic Distortion Calculations
This harmonic distortion (D) can be calculated:
[Formula 15.30]
where A1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency
and An is the amplitude of the highest harmonic.
The total harmonic distortion (THD):
[Formula 15.31]

30. Power Transistor Heat Sinking
Slide 29
High power transistors dissipated a
lot of power in heat. This can be
destructive to the amplifier as well
as to surrounding components.
These transistors will require heat-sinking.

31. Class C Amplifiers Slide 30
A Class C amplifier conducts for less than 180. In order to produce a full sinewave output, the Class C uses a tuned circuit (L and C tank) to provide the full AC sinewave.
The Class C is used extensively in radio communications circuits.

32. Class D Amplifier Slide 31
A Class D amplifier amplifies pulses. It requires a pulsed input.
There are many circuits that can convert a sinewave to a pulse, as well as circuits that convert a pulse to a sinewave. This circuit has applications in digital circuitry.