1. What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Sea-floor spreading & Paleomagnetism
Earthquake patterns
Ocean drilling
Hot spots

2. How does the sea-floor spread?
Melted rock (molten material) rises and erupts at the mid-ocean ridge (less dense).
The lava spreads out, pushing older rock to both sides of the ridge.
It forms a strip of solid rock in the center of the ridge.
Then more lava erupts continuing the sea-floor spreading!

3. YouTube:
Divergent
Boundary
This is called sea-floor spreading!!!! New material is continually added to the ocean floor.

4. 9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
What is paleomagnetism?
Magnetic
Field Reversal
Paleomagnetism is using a rock’s magnetic properties to determine the location of the poles at the time the rock formed.
The Earth’s magnetic field periodically reverses polarity (north pole becomes south pole and vice versa)
When minerals in rocks solidify, iron-rich mineral grains will be permanently magnetized in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field

5. Paleomagnetism Preserved in Lava Flows
Normal polarity—when rocks show the same magnetism as the present magnetism field
Reverse polarity—when rocks show the opposite magnetism as the present magnetism field

6. 9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
How does paleomagnetism show
evidence for Sea-floor spreading?
9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
The rocks that make up the ocean floor lie in patterns of magnetized “stripes”.
This pattern (N-S; N-S; N-S) is the same on both sides of the ridge, this means that at one time, those stripes used to be together in the middle of the ridge.

7. Polarity of the Ocean Crust
Link to
Simulation

8. 9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
 Earthquake Patterns
Scientists found a close link between earthquakes and plate boundaries.
When the depths of earthquakes and their depth within a trench are plotted, a pattern emerges.
Deep earthquakes are found in trenches (evidence for sinking plates).
Shallow earthquakes are found in oceanic ridges. (evidence for spreading plates).

11. 9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
 Ocean Drilling
Scientists drilled and took samples from several sites in the ocean-floor crust.
The youngest oceanic crust is at the ridge crest, and the oldest oceanic crust is at the deep ocean trenches.

12. new rock
new rock
old rock
old rock

13. 9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
9.4 Testing Plate Tectonics
 What is a Hot Spot?
A hot spot is a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which rises to Earth’s surface.

14. How do hot spots provide evidence for Plate Tectonics?
The Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific are formed by a hot spot.
Dates of volcanoes in this chain increase with age with increasing distance from the east most island of Hawaii.
The age of each volcano shows the time when it was located over the hot spot.
This shows that the pacific plate is moving north-west.

15. Animation

16. 9.5 Mechanisms of Plate Motion
Causes of Plate Motion
9.5 Mechanisms of Plate Motion
The plates of the lithosphere float on top of the asthenosphere.
Convection currents within the asthenosphere push the plates of the lithosphere.

17. Link to
Convection
Simulation

18. 9.5 Mechanisms of Plate Motion
Causes of Plate Motion
9.5 Mechanisms of Plate Motion
 GRAVITY
Slab-pull takes place at TRENCHES.
cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle gravity “pulls” the lithosphere downward with the convective flow.
Ridge-push takes place at RIDGES.
the lithosphere slides down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity.

20. How are Sea-floor Spreading and Subduction affecting our oceans?
The Atlantic Ocean has very few trenches. As a result, the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider. As it spreads, it pushes the continents further away.

21. How are Sea-floor Spreading and Subduction affecting our oceans?
The Atlantic Ocean has very few trenches. As a result, the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider. As it spreads, it pushes the continents further away.
The Pacific Ocean covers almost 1/3 of the planet, yet it’s shrinking! The Pacific is surrounded by many trenches. The deep-ocean trenches swallow more oceanic crust than the mid-ocean ridge can create.

22. How long does it take for new rock to be recycled?
New rock that is formed at the mid-ocean ridge takes about 200 million years to move across the ocean, and sink into a trench.