1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 10
Personality
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2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality
Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times
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3. What Forces Shape Our Personalities?
According to the psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment
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4. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
Psychoanalytic theory – Freud’s theory of personality
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5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness
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6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
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7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative
Libido
Thanatos
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8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people to experience sensual pleasure
Libido
Thanatos
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9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors
Thanatos
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10. Freud’s Model of the Mind
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11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Superego
Ego
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12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories
Superego
Ego
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13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience
Superego
Ego
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14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id
Superego
Ego
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15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage
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16. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage
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17. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers
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18. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent
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19. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attraction to males
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20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego defense mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety
Repression
Projection
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21. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection
Rorschach inkblot technique
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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22. Thematic Apperception Test
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23. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts
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24. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
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25. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
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26. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
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27. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
Anima
Shadow
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28. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others
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29. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion
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30. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
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31. Alfred Adler: An early split from Psychoanalysis
Inferiority complex – A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with it roots in childhood
Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies
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32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Humanistic Theories
Humanistic Theories include
Gordon Allport’s trait theory
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality
Carl Roger’s fully functioning person
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33. Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic
Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions
Central traits form the basis of personality
Secondary traits include preferences and attitudes
Cardinal traits define peoples lives
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34. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
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35. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Fully functioning person – Term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality
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36. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings
Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached
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37. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology
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38. Cognitive Theories: Social Learning and Personality
Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other
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39. Reciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
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Locus of Control
Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate
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41. Current Trends in Personality Theory
Family systems theory
Cultural differences
Gender influences
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42. What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types
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43. What Patterns are Found in Personality?
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
Blood
Phlegm
Black Bile
Yellow Bile
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44. Personality and Temperament
Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors
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45. Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Cattell identifies 16 personality factors
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46. Patterns in Personality
Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people
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47. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Assessing Traits
NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests
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48. Traits and the Person-Situation Debate
Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior
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49. What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Each Other?
People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across cultures
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50. Implicit Personality Theories
Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others
Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation
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51. Personality Across Cultures
Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism
Other cultural differences involve
Status of different age groups and sexes
Romantic love
Stoicism
Locus of control
Thinking vs. feeling
Attribution
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52. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
End of Chapter 10
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