1. HORIZON 2020 INFO DAY SPACE Ministry of Science and Education of Republic of Croatia, Donje Svetice 38, Zagreb September 2018.
Prof. dr. sc. Zdravko Terze
Chair of Flight Vehicle Dynamics
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture

2. Space Surveillance and Tracking
(SST)

3. Space debris...

4. Space debris
SST provides the ability to detect and predict the movement of space debris in orbit around the Earth
dangerous debris objects are in Earth orbit
the third highest risk, after the launch and deployment risks
system to track debris and alert satellite operators when evasive action may be necessary
: to actively protect space-based infrastructure (Earth observation satellites or navigation systems) from colliding with the ever-increasing cloud of man-made space debris
EU assets: !...40 Galileo and Copernicus satellites in space by 2020!

5. DECISION No 541/2014/EU, 16 April 2014
2008, Council underlined the need to develop a European capability for the monitoring and surveillance of European space infrastructure
....contribute to ensuring the long term availability of European and national space infrastructure, facilities, and services...

6. SST objectives Specific objectives:
to assess and reduce the risks of in-orbit operations involving European spacecraft
to reduce the risks to the launch of European spacecraft
to survey uncontrolled re-entries of spacecraft and debris into the Earth atmosphere and provide more accurate and efficient early warnings
to seek to prevent the proliferation of space debris

7. SST actions SST Decision sets out three actions:
establishing and operating a sensor function consisting of a network of Member States’ ground- and space-based sensors → produce a database
establishing and operating a processing function to process and analyse SST data at national level to produce SST information and services
setting up a function to provide civilian SST services to users for the assessment of risks of collision and of the re-entry of objects into the Earth’s atmosphere and the detection of in-orbit fragmentation

8. Preparatory and operational phase
Activities that prepared the ground for the start of EU SST operations (1 July 2016):
on 1 January 2016, the first grants under the EU programmes were launched to finance the establishment and operations of the EU SST

9. Preparatory phase
Activities that prepared the ground for the start of EU SST operations (1 July 2016):
in March 2015, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom make up the SST Consortium → compliant with the SST and designated national entities criteria
on 16 June 2015, the participating Member States signed the SST Agreement → SST Consortium is formally established
on 14 September 2015, the SST Consortium and SATCEN signed the SST Implementing Arrangement → SST Cooperation is formally established

10. Operational phase Sensor function
Since the start of operations (July 2016) the number of operational sensors gradually increased
by December 2017 → 33 sensors contributed to EU SST operations:
3 surveillance radars, 8 tracking radars, 18 telescopes and 4 laser- ranging stations
they cover all orbits (LEO, MEO, HEO and GEO), but the number of objects they cover is limited, due to:
the insufficient availability of some sensors for the EU SST
the geographical location of existing SST sensors
the non-detection of objects below certain size

11. Sensor function
*Observed objects are objects that were observed at least once during the 14-day period of the simulation
**Well-observed objects are objects that were observed every day in LEO and every three days in MEO/GEO

12. Service function
Delivery of three initial SST services started on 1 July 2016
conjunction analysis and warning (CA)
re-entry analysis and information (RE)
fragmentation analysis (FG)
For collision avoidance
user requests are allocated to one or more NOCs → case by case
NOCs are monthly rotated to deliver fragmentation and re-entry services → handover procedures

15. Effectiveness Since EU SST operations began
NOCs provided collision warnings
EFFECT: there have been no catastrophic incidents involving registered spacecraft → including EU satellites
Re-entry events have also been monitored and reported

16. Processing function Compared with the US catalogue:
national databases contain a limited number of objects
there is no common European database of space objects
Process is almost entirely reliant on US data
quality and updates frequency of US data varies according to the orbit and depends on bilateral agreements
data often requires further analysis, verifications and refinement

17. Processing function
Table below presents the share of conjunction data messages (CDM) generated by using data from EU SST sensors to the total number of CDM uploaded to the EU SST portal
EU SST is composed of five NOCs:
ISOC (Italy), S3TOC (Spain), COO (France), GSSAC (Germany) and UKSpOC (the United Kingdom)

18. European added value
SST services accessible to European users and fostering excellence
Overcoming fragmentation of national SST capabilities and enhancing European autonomy
Europe is heavily reliant on data from the US → data of varied quality and accessibility
creation of the EU SST provides the basis for the future development of certain level of European autonomy in SST

20. Croatia: SST potential activities
R&D support / ... University of Zagreb, Ruđer Bošković Institute
Industrial support / ... Amphinicy Technologies
(September 2017)

21. Croatia: SST potential activities
Contact: prof. dr.

22. Governmental Satellite Communications (GOVSATCOM)

23. GOVSATCOM ‘Security from Space’
‘Governmental Satellite Communications’
- SATCOM for security and defense
- also the protection of space infrastructure

24. GOVSATCOM goals and features
Goals and Features of GOVSATCOM Program:
Establishing a secure and efficient SATCOM network
- EU autonomy of decision-making in strategic areas
- synergic complement of industry, users, operators ..
Dual purpose program / ESA + EDA
...Technical issues
- modalities of using the existing infrastructure
- reservation of orbital trajectories
- frequency domains of action (X-band, Ka-band ...)
- new actions?

25. GOVSATCOM tasks and users

26. Main stakeholders in surveillance missions

27. Main stakeholders in crisis management missions

28. Key infrastructure management missions

29. European systems (dual-use and military)
Sources: adapted from PwC, 2016; public information

30. EU GOVSATCOM budget

31. EU GOVSATCOM implementation aspects

32. EU GOVSATCOM preparatory actions

33. EU GOVSATCOM way ahead

34. EU GOVSATCOM way ahead

35. SU-SPACE-31-SEC-2019
SU-SPACE-31-SEC-2019: Research and development network of governmental users of secure satellite communications
Specific challenge:
satellite communications is an important tool for public authorities dealing with border management, crisis and disaster management, forest fires, illegal activities, etc.
case when ground-based communication links are
damaged (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes)
absent (such as in remote areas or in the maritime domain)
or cannot be trusted (e.g. in Common Security and Defence operations outside the EU)

36. SU-SPACE-31-SEC-2019 Scope:
network of governmental users of satellite communications shall be set up to establish collaboration on research and development in the user domain
special attention will be given to enhance the competence of potential users → helping less experienced users to rapidly acquire know-how
Member State participants shall cooperate with participants from relevant EU agencies involved in the use of satellite communications (e.g. Frontex, GSA, CEPOL, Europol, ERA, EDA, SATCEN, EEAS, JRC)
this topic contributes to the Horizon 2020 focus area "Boosting the effectiveness of the Security Union "

37. SU-SPACE-31-SEC-2019 Expected impact:
common understanding of requirements and potential for innovation, interoperability and standardisation in the use satellite communications
satellite communication solutions among users from different disciplines, backgrounds and Member States
more efficient use of investments made across the EU in demonstrating, testing and training governmental satellite communication users
outputs from this project may benefit the potential future EU GOVSATCOM programme
Type of Action: Coordination and support action
Indicative budget: 3M€

38. Thank you for your attention
Prof. dr. sc. Zdravko Terze, Univ. Zagreb
Member of EC Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) Committee &
SST Commission Expert Group
Representative of Republic of Croatia