1. Interactive Notebook Setup
2/20/2018
Gunpowder Economies Comparison
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2. Interactive Notebook Setup
2/20/2018
Global Religious Syncretism
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3. Introduction and General Causes
Mestizo Christianity
Introduction and General Causes
Global Christianity
Vodun(Voodoo)
Santeria

4. Sikhism
Sufism
Spread and Change in Buddhism

5. Introduction and General Causes
The increased global interactions between hemispheres as a result of trade and colonization led to the spread, reform, and syncretism of existing religions
These interactions also lead to both religious conflicts and the creation of syncretic belief systems and practices

6. Introduction and General Causes
Changes/Conflict were motivated by:
Development of new wealth/classes
New contact between previously disconnected peoples
Governments attempt to legitimize power
Resistance to empires and traditional religious powers
Ex:
Christianity and African beliefs in the New Word
Sufi Islam in Africa and Eurasia
Sikhism in India
Buddhism in SE and NE Asia

8. Global Christianity
European explorers, traders, and colonial settlers brought their Christianity with them and wanted to replicate it in their new homelands
After the Reformation the Catholic Church & Protestantism both sought followers around the world

9. Global Christianity
Protestant countries(Dutch and British) did not push conversion strongly because:
The importance and role of the Joint Stock Companies
Many of the Protestants that came to the New World did so to avoid persecution and religious war and thus were not concerned with conversion

10. Global Christianity Unsuccessful spread in East Asia
Except the Philippines
Jesuits spent centuries in China and surrounding areas with minimal success
Jesuits learned about astronomy and mathematics from time in China

12. Global Christianity
Catholic Spanish & Portuguese both viewed their exploration and colonization overseas as a continuation of Reconquista, a long crusading tradition
Due to Reformation Catholics VERY concerned spreading CORRECT version of faith
Europeans saw their political and military success in Spanish America as proof of the power of their Christian God

14. Compulsory Conversion of Native Americans to Christianity
Global Christianity
European sometimes used violence in conversion:
Destruction of pagan shrines and idols
Destruction of religious images and ritual objects
Public urination on native idols
Desecrating the remains of ancestors
Flogging those that worshipped idols
Religious trials and processions of shame to humiliate offenders
Compulsory Conversion of Native Americans to Christianity

15. Torturing Potential Heretics

16. Punishing Hethens

17. Mestizo Chirstianity
Native Americans created an “Andean” or “Mexican” Christianity
Ex of Syncretism:
Saints closely paralleled the functions of precolonial gods: parents, owners of land, mother figure
Virgin of Guadalupe most famous
Household shrines of the Virgin or saints with trinkets (milagro)
Many continued to take part in rituals from the past
Didn’t think they contradicted Christianity
Examples: use of hallucinogenic drugs; blood-letting; etc.

18. In 1531 a peasant reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary to his local priest
The site of this apparition was a hill used to worship the Aztec fertility god Tonantzin in pre-Columbian times.
According to reports, when an image of this vision was first unveiled at this church peasants did not recognize it as the Virgin Mary but instead shouted "Tonantzin! Tonantzin!" 

19. Symbol of Mexican National Identity
Powerful political symbol of Mexican independence:
1810 Miguel Hildago: “Death to the Spaniards and Long Live the Virgin of Guadalupe!”
Referenced by Simon Bolivar
Mexican Revolution: Mestizo National identity
1999: Church proclaimed her the “Patroness of the Americas and the Empress of Latin America”
Also, celebrated in the Philippines

20. Vodun(Voodoo)
After the 17th century, the Hispaniola Island became a French possession, which increased the importation of slaves for the sugar cane plantations
Syncretic religion developed by West African slaves in Caribbean
Blended West African religion with Catholicism
Monotheistic, (Bondye) very similar to Abrahamic God with spirits that interact with the world called Loa

21. Vodun(Voodoo) Worship Catholic deities connected with Loas
Loas were responsible for aspects of life
Offering were made to build relations with Loas
Elaborate ceremonies of music, dance, and spirit possession

23. Santeria
Syncretic Afro-Caribbean religion based on Yoruba beliefs and traditions, with some Catholic elements added
Developed by diasporic African slaves communities
Focuses on building relationships between human beings and powerful, but mortal, spirits, called Orishas
An Orisha is a manifestation of Olodumare (God).

24. Santeria
Animal sacrifice to Orisha is an essential part of the religion
Animals are sacrifice and then eaten most of the time
Sacrifices are made at major life moments such as birth, marriage, and death
Also healing
Orishas are associated with Catholic Saints

27. Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th Century
Blended Hindu and Islamic elements
Displayed cultural interaction between Hindu and Islamic merchants in India

28. Sikhism Monotheistic and belief in reincarnation
God is without form, or gender
Everyone has direct access to God
Everyone is equal before God
A good life is lived as part of a community, by living honestly and caring for others
Empty religious rituals and superstitions have no value
Stresses the importance of doing good actions rather than merely carrying out rituals
Ignored caste distinctions
Rejected ascetics living
A person should do good deeds as well as meditating on God.

30. Sufism
Sought emotional encounters that brought them into union with God
Organized into Orders
Each group had is own habits and rules and usually formed around a charismatic holy man

31. Sufism
Responsible for spreading Islam in Africa and Eurasia in two ways:
Because they begged for food and did not own homes, Sufis were wandering mystics and became de facto missionaries
Secondly, their emphasis on experience rather than doctrines allowed them to adapt to many host cultures and form syncretic belief systems

33. Spread and Change in Buddhism
Some Buddhist monks wanted to make their religion more accessible to regular people
Said withdrawal from society = not necessary for enlightenment
Said people could do same practices at home that monks performed in monasteries
Made religion more moral and religious individualism

34. Spread and Change in Buddhism
Buddhist merchants spread religion while living in diasporic trading communities
Tibetan Buddhism became more influential due reemerged Mongol support
First political Dali Lama named during this time