1. Some common applications of geospatial technologies
Your Phone: real-time traffic, Uber, ‘nearest Starbucks’, 911, location history, transportation mode
City Planning: utilities, wastewater, green space, traffic, roads, zoning
Environmental Monitoring: LU change, pollution, air / water quality, weather, climate, flooding, erosion, COCORAHS
Forestry: fires, tree health, habitat, precision forestry
Health / Human Services: epidemiology, mapping environmental risks
Homeland Security: evacuation plans, smoke plume monitoring
Law Enforcement: crime mapping, dispatch
Military / Intelligence: satellite imagery for reconnaissance, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) / drones, field of Geospatial Intelligence, GPSed assets
Real Estate: appraisals, comps, FEMA flood plain, insurance (hail)!, schools, commute time, CAD
Weather: satellites, radar, real-time weather alert services
Archeology: lidar, site mapping, SfM of artifacts, GPS artifacts
The core five: Cartography, GPS, GIS, RS, & Geovisualization

2. Updated 11/16/2016 Last accessed 8/19/2018

3. Geospatial / GIS job websites
indeed.com
juju.com
simplyhired.com
usajobs.gov

4. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
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5. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Diagram from Foresman, T.W. “The History of GIS” 1998

6. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies

7. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Some early spatial thinkers:
Ptolemy – Greek philosopher/geographer/astronomer – A main work: Geography (150 AD)
Kant – German philosopher – Puzzled by how spatial info. (color, texture) reaches brain (1700s)
Berthier – Hinged-overlay maps of Yorktown (1790s)
Irish Railway Commission – Overlay maps with shaded circles (1830s)

8. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
1854 – John Snow’s cholera mapping study: “I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the pump."

9. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Herman Hollerith and automation
1880 Turing or tabulating punch-card machine
1880 Census took 8 yrs. to tabulate, yr.
His dissertation title: “An Electric Tabulating System”
Became IBM

10. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
City and resource planning
Dusseldorf, Germany time-series maps
Billerica, MA traffic/land use mapped
Wm. Manning, same scale thematic overlay maps
New York, NY “Survey of NY and Environs”
1950s - Univ. of WA students develop spatial statistics
Waldo Tobler applies computer to mapping
Mass. Inst. of Tech., overlays with weighting
1960s - USGS and Soil Cons. Service
1960s - FORTRAN language used to draw maps

11. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), a major milestone
Canadian Senate est. Land Use in Canada group
Dr. Roger Tomlinson (FATHER OF GIS?) was asked to map all of Canada’s natural resource landcover
CGIS was created
the first computer-based GIS was operational
- firsts: optical scanning of maps, raster to vector conversion, spatial database management system (attributes and locations in different files), seamless tiles, polygon query
Fundamental new idea – computers are now used to ask questions of maps, to read maps, and to measure, compare, combine, and analyzed map data

12. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Topology, a major milestone
James Corbett’s streamlining of 1970 census
Corbett developed the “topology” concept
Presented a paper on topology in 1967, published in 1979*
DIME and then Census TIGER files > adoption of digital mapping by Govt.
Still the core of modern vector data files (e.g., DLG, GEOpdf)
* Corbett, James P Topological Principles in Cartography. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.

13. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), a major milestone
“One of the biggest shifts in focus came when we introduced ArcInfo in 1982.”
Jack Dangermond
president and founder, ESRI

14. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
ESRI ArcGIS Online free in all public K – 12 schools in US
May 27, 2014: “ESRI president Jack Dangermond announced today that Esri will provide a grant to make its advanced mapping software available for free to the more than 100,000 elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States.”
Announced at White House Science Fair
Part of Obama’s ‘Educate to Innovate’ / ‘ConnectED’ campaign
More here:

15. A Brief History of Geospatial Technologies
The Virtual Globe ‘Google Earth’, a major milestone
Started by a company named Keyhole, which was acquired by Google in 2004.
“By offering researchers an easy way into GIS software, Google Earth and other virtual globes are set to go beyond representing the world, and start
changing it.”
“The eventual impact will be nothing less than the realization of a ‘Digital Earth’, as described by former US vice-president Al Gore in 1998.”
(both quotes from ‘The Web Wide World’, 2006)

16. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
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17. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
Buckminster Fuller (1895 – 1983)
“Does humanity have a chance to survive lastingly and successfully on planet Earth, and if so, how?”
Coined term “Spaceship Earth”
Worked on map projections for air travel

18. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
Fuller Projection (1946)
1969
1973

19. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
1972 NASA Blue Marble

20. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
1978 “Aspen Movie Map”
Pioneered use of cameras/computers to simulate distant physical environments
Developed by MIT’s Andrew Lippman
Funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

21. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
Al Gore, 1998:
”I believe we need a Digital Earth. A multi-resolution, 3D representation of the planet, into which we can embed vast quantities of geo-referenced data.”
Gore described a digital future where all the world's citizens could interact with a computer-generated 3D spinning virtual globe and access vast amounts of scientific and cultural information to help them understand the Earth and its human activities.

22. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea
International Society for Digital Earth: to promote the evolution and implementation of the Digital Earth idea

24. The Digital Earth Idea From Aug. 20 class
Al Gore, 1998: ”I believe we need a Digital Earth. A multi-resolution, 3D representation of the planet, into which we can embed vast quantities of geo-referenced data.” A Digital Earth is: A virtual, digital geographic representation of our world. Everything is [collaboratively] linked. Idealistic but we are moving toward this goal.

25. Evolution of Digital Earth Idea

26. Lab One: Asking Questions of Maps – Interacting with the 'This Dynamic Planet' Map
The work is due on your Lab One web page by 5:00 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 9

27. Lab One: Asking Questions of Maps – Interacting with the 'This Dynamic Planet' Map
Questions are different each semester.

28. Your GES2050 website * NO CAPS, NO SPACES in file / folder names
* FILE STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION IS CRITICAL
Steps:
Open Expression Web 4 (EW4) > Add content to EW4 > ‘Save As’ to your Z drive > If images included, save them to images folder
Open Filezilla (FTP software) > Host is coursework, port is 22 > Transfer content from Z to public_html > Don’t forget to transfer any images > Maintain perfectly parallel structure between Z and public_html
ALWAYS TEST YOUR WEB PAGE > Open your page via ‘student websites’ page on Brandon’s class website > ‘Refresh’ your browser

29. Lab One: Asking Questions of Maps – Interacting with the 'This Dynamic Planet' Map

30. USGS GNIS
USGS GNIS query demo: