1. FUNGI

2. FUNGI- Characteristics
1) Fungi are:
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Nonphotosynthetic organisms
Unicellular or multicellular in form.

3. Obtaining Nutrients
2) Fungi are among the most important decomposers of organic matter.
3) Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes and absorbing simple organic molecules from their environment.

4. Structure of Fungi
4) Fungi are made up of short filaments called hyphae.
Mats of hyphae are called mycelium.

5. Body Structure of Fungi
5-6) Some species have partitions called septa in their hyphae, making individual cells.
7) Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls.

6. Reproduction-Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Asexual Reproduction
8) Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells of the hyphae.
When these spores are placed in favorable environmental conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae, each of which can form a mycelium and produce thousands of new asexual spores.

7. Reproduction 9) Sexual Reproduction
Fungi occur in mating types that are sometimes called minus and plus.
When two different mating types of the same species encounter one another, the hyphae of one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type.
These fused hyphae give rise to a specialized structure, which produces and scatters genetically diverse spores.

8. Evolution 10) Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago.
11) Fungi probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes and then adapted to various terrestrial environments.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

10. Phylum Zygomycota
1) The phylum Zygomycota is coenocytic (their hyphae lack septa).
Asexual sporangiospores form within sacs called sporangia.
Sexual reproduction results in zygospores.

11. Bread Mold (Zygomycetes)2
Asexual 2
Sexual

12. Phylum Basidiomycota 3) The phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms.
Mushrooms are spore-bearing, aboveground sexual reproductive structures called basidiocarps.
Basidiocarps produce small, clublike reproductive structures called basidia, on which basidiospores form.

13. Structure of a Mushroom4

14. Phylum Ascomycota
5) Most fungi are in the phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungi.
Hyphae form a cup-shaped ascocarp, in which ascospores form.
Yeast are unicellular Ascomycota and they reproduce asexually by budding.
Yeast are used in brewing, baking, and genetic engineering.

15. Phylum Deuteromycota
6) Fungi that do not have a sexual stage are classified in a group called fungi imperfecti, or deuteromycota.

16. Mycorrhizae and Lichens
7) Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures that form between plant roots and a fungus.
The fungus provides certain ions and other nutrients to the plant and, in turn, the fungus gets sugars from the plant.

17. Mycorrhizae and Lichens
8) Lichens represent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae.

18. FUNGUS AND HUMANS

19. Human Fungal Diseases 1) Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans
Athlete’s Foot
1) Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans
inhale airborne spores
when they eat food contaminated by toxic fungi
when toxic fungi come in contact with skin
when they accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms.
Death Cap

20. Human Fungal Diseases 2) Common Fungal Infections
Examples of common fungal infections include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infection.

21. Fungi in Industry 3) Various fungi are used in the production of:
vitamin B2
cortisone
penicillin
other antibiotics
some genetically engineered drugs.

22. Fungi and Food Industries
4) Fungi are used in the production of familiar foods such as:
Cheeses
Bread
Beer
Wines
Soy products.