1. Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

2. General Plan 1960s Many models of memory proposed
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model
Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory

3. William James
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory

4. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

5. STM Bottleneck
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory

6. Properties of the Different Memory Stores
Notes:
Forgetting in the Short-Term Store involves both interference and decay.
The capacity of the sensory registers vary for the different modalities: e.g. the visual sensory store is very large; the auditory sensory store is small (perhaps only 2 to 4 items)

7. Research on the A & S Model
Serial Position Effect
Recency Effect
Kintsch & Buschke (1969)
Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

8. Serial Position Effect Demo

9. Serial Position Effect Graph
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect

10. Rundus (1971)

11. Questions
How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS?
How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

12. Eliminating the Recency Effect

13. Other Evidence: Kintsch & Bushchke (1969)

14. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction
H.M. - Epileptic
- Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus
- STM ---> LTM disrupted
K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex
- LTM Normal
- STM capacity severely limited

15. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction
The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died.

16. Evidence Against A & S
More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction
Recency Effect challenged
Neuroscience evidence

17. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

18. The Sensory Store

19. Lightning

20. How long does the lightning last?

21. Lightning Demo

22. Sensory Memory Sensory memory or sensory register
Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell
Relatively raw, unprocessed form

23. Why Do We Need Sensory Memory?
Stimuli change
Maintain for selection and further processing
Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception

24. Classic Studies
Sperling (1960)
Averbach & Sperling (1961)

25. A Tachistoscope

26. Tachistoscopic Display - Blank

27. Fixation Point *

28. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1
J Z G B
S X P L
R M Q F

29. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

30. Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2

31. Fixation Point *

32. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2
Y Q C H
N D R J
V B K S

33. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

34. Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp

35. Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of Technique & Delay

36. Sensory Memory Demo

37. Iconic Memory
Location
Usefulness
Saccades
Nature of the code

38. Letters & Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing Issue)
1 K L
H J B
7 D T

39. Demo 4.1: Examples of Sensory Memory

40. Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments

41. Auditory Sensory Memory
Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo
Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972)
Differences from iconic memory
Crowder (1982)

42. An Echoic Memory Study

43. Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder

44. Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982) Graph

45. Short-Term Memory

46. Short-Term Memory Nature of Forgetting Duration Nature of Code
Capacity

47. Short Term Memory
Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Trigram task

48. Trigrams
K X J P L G S Y T H Z R

49. Brown-Peterson Results

50. STM--Nature of the code
Conrad (1964)
Visual display of letters
Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’)
Wickelgren (1965)

51. Wickelgren (1965)

52. STM Capacity Limited
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory

53. Capacity of STM
Limited Capacity (7 + 2)
Digit Span Task
Difficulties

54. Capacity of STM (cont.) Chunking
Recoding:( > ‘1492’ Columbus)
Chase & Ericsson (1982)

55. SF DIGIT SPAN DEMO

56. SF Digit Span Experiment
Initial Session (8 digits):
Digit Series: 1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4
SF’s Recall: 105
31874
Later Session (11 digits):
Digit Series:
SF’s Recall: 907
566
29867
SF’s Report: 9:07 a 2-mile time
Still Later Sessions (22 digits):
Digit Series:
SF’s Recall: / / 0603
494 / 870 / 946.2
SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time
06:03 mile time
9: mile time

57. Revisions to the STM Idea

58. Brown & Peterson Revisited
Decay vs. Interference
Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task
Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material
Keppel & Underwood (1962)
PI = Proactive Interference
Wickens et. al. - Release from PI

59. Digit Probe Task: Waugh & Norman (1965)
16 digits -----> probe digit

60. Effect of Presentation Rate vs
Effect of Presentation Rate vs. Number of Interfering Items on Recall (Waugh & Norman, 1965)

61. Wickens, Born, & Allen (1963)

62. Release from Proactive Interference

63. Release from PI (Evidence for Semantic Codes)

64. Release from PI as a Function of Semantic Similarity (Based on Wickens, et al., 1976)

65. Working Memory Revision of STM 3 part system Baddeley
Dual task paradigm

66. Baddeley Working Memory Model
Central Executive
- Plans & coordinates but does not store information.
- Focuses attention, selects strategies, transforms information, coordinates behavior
- Integrates information from other parts of the system
Phonological Loop
- Processes and stores a limited number of items (3 or 4) for short time
- Maintains information as sounds (esp. speech sounds) using rehearsal
- Executive resources drained if rehearsal task is difficult
Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Processes visual and spatial information
- Limited capacity
- Executive resources drained if visual imagery or spatial task is difficult

67. Working Memory Model with Episodic Buffer & Long-Term Memory

68. Reasoning Task with Letter RecallAB
‘A’ precedes ‘B’? T or F
‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’ . T or F
‘B’ does not precede ‘A’. T or F

69. Reasoning Speed and Letter Recall

70. Reasoning Times & Letter Recall Results

71. Bradimonte Et al. (1992)

72. Brandimonte (1992) ? Condition 1 Condition 2 1. Study 6 pictures
1. Study 6 pictures while saying “la, la, la . . .”
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it.
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it. ?
Fish
Result?
3. Number of correct items: 2.7
3. Number of correct items: 3.8

73. Pronunciation Time & Memory Span
Read the following words. When you have finished look away and try to remember them:
England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta, Laos
Again read the words, look away and try to remember them:
Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar

74. Pronunciation Time & Memory Span

75. Memory Span and Pronunciation Rate

76. Capacity of STM