1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Section 3: New Centers of Civilization
Section 4: The Rise of New Empires
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. How does progress affect history?
During the 1960s, Egypt built the Aswan High Dam to control flooding of the Nile River. The lake rising behind the dam threatened to destroy ancient Egyptian monuments. An international team saved several temples including Abu Simbel—Ramses II’s temple. Abu Simbel was carved into 20-ton blocks, moved 200 feet, and reassembled. In this chapter you will learn about Egyptian rulers and temples.
• Why would other countries help Egypt preserve its monuments?
• How can countries adapt to changing needs and still preserve their history?
Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Intro

5. Chapter Intro

6. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Why were the first farming societies located along rivers?
Chapter Intro 1

7. Egyptian Civilization
What factors contribute to a stable and lasting civilization?
Chapter Intro 2

8. New Centers of Civilization
How did the monotheism of the Israelites differ from religious beliefs of previous cultures?
Chapter Intro 3

9. The Rise of New Empires What did lasting empires have in common?
Chapter Intro 4

10. Chapter Preview-End

11. The BIG Idea
Physical Geography Fertile soil between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers allowed an early civilization to flourish in Mesopotamia.
Section 1-Main Idea

12. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary polytheistic city-state
ziggurat
theocracy
cuneiform
empire
patriarchal
Academic Vocabulary
transport
innovations
Section 1-Key Terms

13. People and Places Tigris River Euphrates River Mesopotamia
Fertile Crescent
Sumerians
Uruk
Akkadians
Sargon
Babylon
Hammurabi
Section 1-Key Terms

14. Section 1-Polling Question
Do you agree that geography plays an important role in the development of societies?
A. Agree
B. Disagree A B
Section 1-Polling Question

15. Geography and Religion
The physical environment of Mesopotamia supported the development of civilization and influenced people’s religious beliefs.
Section 1

16. Geography and Religion (cont.)
The first civilization began in a valley known as Mesopotamia, which was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) was located in the Fertile Crescent, an area of good farmland located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Ancient Mesopotamia
Section 1

17. Geography and Religion (cont.)
The Sumerians created the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamians were polytheistic, and believed in nearly 3,000 gods and goddesses.
Section 1

18. What enabled the Mesopotamians to switch from a nomadic lifestyle to permanent settlements?
A. Polytheism
B. Civilizations
C. Large armies
D. Farming A B C D
Section 1

19. City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia
Religion played a powerful role in the economic, political, and social structure of Mesopotamian city-states.
Section 1

20. City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
Sumerian cities, such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur, gained political and economic control of Mesopotamia.
The basic units of Sumerian society were independent city-states.
Section 1

21. City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
Much of the wealth of the cities was dedicated to building temples dedicated to the god or goddess of the city. These temples were often built atop a massive stepped tower called a ziggurat.
Priests and priestesses held a great deal of power, making the state a theocracy, a government by divine authority.
Section 1

22. City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
Farming was the basis of the economy of the Sumerian city-states.
Sumerian metalworkers used copper, gold, and silver to make tools and jewelry.
Sumerians discovered how to make bronze by adding tin to copper. Bronze is a hard metal used for making tools and weapons.
Section 1

23. City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
The invention of the wheel in 3000 B.C. made the transport of goods much easier.
Sumerian society was divided into three major social groups: nobles, commoners, and slaves.
Mesopotamia Trade Route
Section 1

24. Which of the following most accurately describes a theocracy?
A. A government by divine authority
B. A society of farmers
C. A society with different social classes
D. A government where the king is the ruler A B C D
Section 1

25. The Creativity of the Sumerians
The Sumerians invented writing and several new technologies that made life easier.
Section 1

26. The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)
The Sumerians are credited with many technological innovations that affect our lives today.
Around 3000 B.C., the Sumerians created a system of writing known as cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”). People used a stylus or other tool to make wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, which were then baked or dried in the sun.
Section 1

27. The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)
Writing was important because it allowed Mesopotamian peoples to keep records and to communicate ideas with others.
Section 1

28. The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)
Examples of Sumerian technology and innovation:
Wagon wheel
Potter’s wheel
Sundial
Arch used in construction
Bronze metalwork
Advances in mathematics, geometry, and astronomy
Section 1

29. Which of the following was not an example of Sumerian technology?
A. Bronze weapons
B. Wagon wheels
C. Ceramic pottery
D. Use of geometry to erect buildings A B C D
Section 1

30. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Strong leaders established empires and codified the laws of Mesopotamia.
Section 1

31. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
Around 2340 B.C., the Akkadians, a people north of the Sumerian city-states, took control of the Sumerian city-states and established the first empire in world history.
The leader of the Akkadian Empire was Sargon.
Section 1

32. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
In 1792 B.C., the city-state of Babylon took control of Sumer and Akkad. The Babylonian ruler was Hammurabi.
The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of written laws based on a system of strict justice.
The Influence of Hammurabi
Section 1

33. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)
The Code of Hammurabi covered:
Criminal offenses
Duties of public officials
Consumer protection laws
Marriage and family
Mesopotamian society was patriarchal—men dominated society.
Section 1

34. Which of the following set up the first empire in world history?
A. Babylon
B. Hammurabi
C. Cuneiform
D. Akkadia A B C D
Section 1

35. Section 1-End

36. Figure 1

37. Figure 1a

38. Figure 3

39. Figure 4

40. polytheistic
having many gods
Vocab1

41. city-state
a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Vocab2

42. ziggurat
a massive, stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city
Vocab3

43. theocracy
government by divine authority
Vocab4

44. cuneiform
“wedge-shaped,” a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet
Vocab5

45. empire
a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories
Vocab6

46. patriarchal
dominated by men
Vocab7

47. transport
the moving of goods or people
Vocab8

48. innovation
a new idea, method, or device
Vocab9

49. dynasty
a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family
Vocab10

50. This slide is intentionally blank.
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