1. Early Civilizations, 3500–600 B.C.E.2
Early Civilizations, 3500–600 B.C.E. 1

2. Chapter Overview Civilization Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared
River Valley Civilization in India
China
Early Civilizations in the Americas
The End of the River Valley Period

3. FIGURE This detail from Egyptian tomb art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain. As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband takes the lead in the work and the wife follows, but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and women were depicted working together.
FIGURE This detail from Egyptian tomb art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain. As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband takes the lead in the work and the wife follows, but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and women were depicted working together. 3

4. Civilization Defining civilization Problematic definition
Economic surplus, distributed unequally
Formal governments with bureaucracies
System of writing
Urban centers
Problematic definition
Cities and writing not found in early agricultural settlements 4

5. Civilization Criticism "Civilization" connoting "better"
Progress
Superiority
Yet cruelty, rudeness in civilized societies
Mass overuse of land 5

6. TIMELINE B.C.E.–500 B.C.E.
TIMELINE B.C.E.–500 B.C.E. 6

7. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
Mesopotamia
Civilization developed from scratch
Sumeria
Writing
Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets
Phonetic
Scribes
Art
Astronomy, numeric system

8. Map 2.1 Early Sumer The civilization fanned out along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.8

9. FIGURE One of the early uses of writing was to mark property boundaries. This picture shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses on defining the king's estate, with sections for priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In what ways did writing improve property maps?
FIGURE One of the early uses of writing was to mark property boundaries. This picture shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses on defining the king's estate, with sections for priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In what ways did writing improve property maps? 9

10. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
Sumeria
Religion
Patron gods
Ziggurats
Political and Social Organization
City-States
Establish boundaries
Kings
Defense, war
Strong patriarchal family structure

11. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
The Akkadian Empire
Sargon I
c B.C.E.
To Egypt and Ethiopia
The Babylonian Empire
c B.C.E., unites under Hammurabi
Law Code
Scientific knowledge expanded 11

12. FIGURE 2. 3 A translation of the map shown in Figure 2. 2
FIGURE A translation of the map shown in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Neg.#S )
FIGURE A translation of the map shown in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Neg.#S ) 12

13. Map 2.2 Mesopotamia in Maps This map shows the location of Sumer and two later empires in the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean.
Map 2.2 Mesopotamia in Maps This map shows the location of Sumer and two later empires in the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean. 13

14. Egyptian Civilization
Farming by 5000 B.C.E.
Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.
Difference: no city-states
Government
Pharaoh, intermediary between gods and men
Pyramids from 2700 B.C.E.
Bureaucracy
Regional governors 14

15. Map Egypt, Kush, and Axum, Successive Dynasties Egypt weakened, kingdoms farther up the Nile and deeper into Africa rose in importance.
Map Egypt, Kush, and Axum, Successive Dynasties Egypt weakened, kingdoms farther up the Nile and deeper into Africa rose in importance. 15

16. FIGURE The statue known to the West as the Sphinx and to the Arabsas the Father of Terror has the head of a man, wearing the royal headdress of ancient Egypt, and the body of a lion. At 200 feet long and 65 feet tall, it was the largest single-stone statue in the ancient world. Exactly who built it and when is unknown, but it is believed to have been constructed as the guardian of the Necropolis at Giza (home of the Great Pyramids) and a symbol of the power of the pharaohs.
FIGURE The statue known to the West as the Sphinx and to the Arabsas the Father of Terror has the head of a man, wearing the royal headdress of ancient Egypt, and the body of a lion. At 200 feet long and 65 feet tall, it was the largest single-stone statue in the ancient world. Exactly who built it and when is unknown, but it is believed to have been constructed as the guardian of the Necropolis at Giza (home of the Great Pyramids) and a symbol of the power of the pharaohs. 16

17. Egyptian Civilization
Kush
Interacted with and eventually invaded Egypt
Ideas and Art
Hieroglyphic alphabet
Pictograms, phonetic
24-hour day
Monumental labor force for pyramids 17

18. Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared
Geography, invasion influence
Political form
Mesopotamian city-states
Egyptian centralized government
Both with elite groups at the top
Treatment of women
Mathematic findings
Lasting heritages in their regions 18

19. Women in Patriarchal Societies
Agricultural civilizations
Higher birth rate for work
Property ownership of males
Patriarchal society develops
Males dominate political life
Female roles submissive
Women
Some religious roles
Emotional roles, indirect control of men 19

20. River Valley Civilization in India
Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.
Indus River system
Valley plains, snow-fed rivers
The Great Cities of the Indus Valley Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro
Densely populated
Drainage systems
Grain storage
Extensive trade 20

21. Map 2.4 India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations Although South Asia's first civilization was located in the Indus valley in the northwest, the Aryan invasions from southwest Asia led to extensive settlement in the Ganges valley to the east and to internal migrations that gave rise to the splendid Dravidian civilization in the Deccan and Tamilland further south.
Map 2.4 India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations Although South Asia's first civilization was located in the Indus valley in the northwest, the Aryan invasions from southwest Asia led to extensive settlement in the Ganges valley to the east and to internal migrations that gave rise to the splendid Dravidian civilization in the Deccan and Tamilland further south. 21

22. River Valley Civilization in India
Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.
Conservative tool use
Vulnerable to attack
Decline
Flooding, environmental changes
Invasions, migrations
Violence
Complete destruction of culture 22

23. River Valley Civilization in India
After Harappa's Fall
Period of Aryan migrations
Vedas
Sanskrit
Epic Age, B.C.E.
Mahabharata, Ramayana
The Upanishads
Tight levels of village organization
Social inequality 23

24. China Huanghe (Yellow River) Shang dynasty (c. 1500 B.C.E.) Science
Controlled river with dikes
Shang dynasty (c B.C.E.)
Fought on horseback
State takes on cultural responsibilities
Ideographs—about 3000 in Shang era
Science
Silk manufacturing
Ancestor worship and rituals 24

25. FIGURE This elaborately decorated bronze vessel from the Shang era shows the sophisticated artistic expression achieved very early in Chinese history. It also demonstrates a high level of metalworking ability, which carried over into Shang weapons and tools. Although the design of these ritual vessels often was abstract, mythical creatures such as dragons and sacred birds were deftly cast in bronzes that remain some of the great treasures of Chinese art.
FIGURE This elaborately decorated bronze vessel from the Shang era shows the sophisticated artistic expression achieved very early in Chinese history. It also demonstrates a high level of metalworking ability, which carried over into Shang weapons and tools. Although the design of these ritual vessels often was abstract, mythical creatures such as dragons and sacred birds were deftly cast in bronzes that remain some of the great treasures of Chinese art. 25

26. Map China in the Shang and Zhou Eras As this map of early centers of Chinese civilization depicts dramatically, Chinese peoples occupied only a small portion of the area that would correspond to China from the last centuries B.C.E. to the present day.
Map China in the Shang and Zhou Eras As this map of early centers of Chinese civilization depicts dramatically, Chinese peoples occupied only a small portion of the area that would correspond to China from the last centuries B.C.E. to the present day. 26

27. China The Zhou Dynasty (c. 1029–700 B.C.E.) Followed Shang dynasty
A feudal period
Encouraged southward movement of settlement
"Mandate of heaven"
Divine support of rulers 27

28. Early Civilizations in the Americas
Reasons for later development
Later development of agriculture
Fewer domesticated animals
North–south travel across climates
Lack of metalwork, the wheel
Limited archaeological remains
Little evidence, like Harappa

29. FIGURE 2. 6 The origins of the Olmecs remain shrouded in mystery
FIGURE The origins of the Olmecs remain shrouded in mystery. Some of their enormous stone sculptures seem to have distinctively African features that indicate possible transatlantic contact. Similar features also have been found in early Khmer art from southeast Asia.
FIGURE The origins of the Olmecs remain shrouded in mystery. Some of their enormous stone sculptures seem to have distinctively African features that indicate possible transatlantic contact. Similar features also have been found in early Khmer art from southeast Asia. 29

30. Early Civilizations in the Americas
The Olmecs
c B.C.E.
Sculpture of giant stone heads
Formal calendar
Hereditary elite
Chavin and the Andean World
Difficult transportation
Levels of agriculture encouraging trade

31. Early Civilizations in the Americas
Chavin and the Andean World
Chavin de Huantar
850–250 B.C.E.
Large temple platforms
Active craft population
Influence unknown
Continuing agriculture and population growth despite decline

32. The End of the River Valley Period
River valley societies widely separated
No single development as transition out of this period
The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations
Lasting impact of the first civilizations
Basic ideas about social structures

33. The End of the River Valley Period
The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations
Basic tools of civilization
Writing
Mathematics
Political forms
Enduring divisions among global populations
Legacy of Egypt and Mesopotamia

34. The End of the River Valley Period
New States and Peoples around 1000 B.C.E.
Phoenicians
New alphabet from about 1300 B.C.E.
Active as traders in the Mediterranean

35. The End of the River Valley Period
Judaism
Semitic peoples
Settled in Eastern Mediterranean from 1200 B.C.E.
Special relationship with their deity
Hebrew bible
Moral code
Appropriate forms of worship
Monotheism

36. A Sumerian clay tablet with cuneiform characters aimed at tallying numbers of sheep and goats as part of early agriculture.
A Sumerian clay tablet with cuneiform characters aimed at tallying numbers of sheep and goats as part of early agriculture. 36