1. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805 – 1859)
What are Americans?
Alexis de Tocqueville
(1805 – 1859)

2. Alexis de Tocqueville
Came to America forty years after Crevecoeur in 1831
Sent by the French government to study American prisons in order to reform its own prison system.
Tocqueville noticed that Americans were very different from Europeans.
Wrote a book called Democracy in America to explain how American was different.
He identified five values that he found crucial to America’s success as a constitutional republic:

3. Egalitarianism (equality)
Refers to a society of equals
In Europe, society was built around hereditary distinctions separating the nobles, middle classes, and peasants.
In America, there were differences in wealth, power, and intelligence, but everyone was equal socially.
The availability of free land allowed Americans to view themselves as equal to their neighbors
The primary concern of the nation should be to safeguard liberty, since it created the conditions for Americans to become prosperous.
Tocqueville did write about the two exceptions in America at the time: slavery and the treatment of the Native Americans.

4. Populism (popular sovereignty)
Refers to the participation of the common people in political life
Since everyone in society was equal, everyone had the same right to participate in government.
The goal was peace and prosperity for all.

5. Liberty Protection against tyrannical government
The danger of democratic government was the potential tyranny of the majority.
Americans were devoted to the rule of law, and that America’s federal system helped to prevent the rise of an over-powerful government.
American customs and manners were devoted to the spirit of liberty.
Religious faith helped strengthen the belief in individual liberty.

6. Individualism
Government did not direct individual activity to the same extent as seen in Europe.
People in America were free to flourish without hereditary distinctions, and individuals believed they could rise in society.
Individuals even organized themselves into their own private, voluntary associations, such as charities.

7. Laissez-Faire
Government was limited, therefore, people had to rely on themselves.
Government took a laissez-faire, or “hands-off” approach to the economy.
Each individual was the judge of his own interests.
Americans should not allow government to become too protective.
He feared if they relied too heavily on government, they would saddle it with a burden it was unable to perform.

8. Shoulder Partners!
Choose one of Tocqueville’s five characteristics, or values of American society, and discuss whether this is still a characteristic of America today.
Be prepared to discuss with the class. I will be drawing names randomly.