1. FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS: How do organisms obtain their energy?
Organisms can obtain energy in 2 ways. They can be:
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
(Producers) (Consumers)

2. 5 TYPES OF HETEROTROPHS
1. Herbivores: consumers that eat only producers. These are also known as primary consumers Ex. Deer, insects, rabbits
2. Carnivores: consumers that kill and eat only other consumers. These are also known as secondary consumers or tertiary consumers Ex. Lions, tigers

3. 5 types of heterotrophs
3. Omnivores: consumers that eat both plants and animals. They can also be secondary or tertiary consumers.

4. 5 types of heterotrophs
4. Scavengers: consumers that DO NOT hunt for food, instead, they eat animals that have already died.
Example: vulchers(buzzards)

5. 5 types of heterotrophs
5. Decomposers: consumers that break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the soil so they can be used again (recycling of nutrients) Ex. Bacteria
Ex. mushrooms
Ex. Worms

6. CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS FOR SURVIVAL
* Symbiosis: the close and permanent relationship between organisms of different species
Types of symbiotic relationships
1. Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
Ex. Birds building a nest in a tree
and

7. Types of symbiotic relationships
2. Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
Ex. Clown fish and the sea anemone
-the fish chase away sea anemones predators, while the fish gets protected from its predators.
and
Types of symbiotic relationships

8. Types of symbiotic relationships
3. Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other one is harmed.
Example: Fleas on dogs
and

9. Types of symbiotic relationships
* Another type of relationship is Predation, which is a predator( hunter) and prey ( killed) relationship. The predator hunts and kills the prey.
Ex: lions and zebras

10. Ecology How does energy and matter cycle through an ecosystem?
Standard Element: SB4.b
Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by
Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow.
Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients
(C, O, H, N,).

11. Matter and Energy Transfer in an Ecosystem
#8 What happens to matter in an ecosystem?
Matter (nutrients) are constantly cycled through an ecosystem
#9 Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem through the producers.
Energy flows from the producers to the primary consumers, to the secondary consumers and to the tertiary consumers and eventually to the decomposers.
#10 Energy is either used, transferred or released as heat, but cannot be cycled!

12. Food chains
A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows in 1 direction through an ecosystem.
Food chains always begin with producers
Producers (autotrophs, plants) can make their own food using photosynthesis

13. Food Webs
A food web is a complex model that shows how energy flows in many directions through an
ecosystem.
Food webs always begin
with producers on the bottom.
Producers (autotrophs, plants)can make their own food using photosynthesis

14. #16 Food Chains and Webs show:
Energy flows from the producers, to the primary consumers, then secondary consumers, then tertiary consumers
Arrows always point from prey to predator because it shows where energy is transferred to.
Trophic levels or feeding steps:
# st trophic level-Producers
2nd trophic level-Primary consumers
3rd trophic level- Secondary consumers
4th trophic level- Tertiary consumers

15. The Ecological Pyramids
1. Energy Pyramid
Shows the decrease of energy at each trophic level.
The total energy transfer up is about 10%
#20 Not all food that is eaten can be digested
Some of the digested food is used as energy and
Some is released as heat

16. The Ecological pyramids
2. Pyramid of numbers
Shows the number of organisms on each trophic level
Producers will always have the largest population size.
3. Biomass pyramid(living weight)
Shows the mass of organisms on each trophic level
Producers will always have the largest biomass

17. The Ecological Pyramids
1. Energy Pyramid
Shows the decrease of energy at each trophic level.
The total energy transfer up is about 10%
Not all food that is eaten can be digested
Some of the digested food is used as energy and
Some is released as heat