1. Labelling theory and Crime and Deviance

2. Rapid recall Identify a key labelling theorist.
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
Give an example of a case study (ecucation?) which demonstrates labelling.
Identify a criticism of labelling theory.

3. Which group/s do you think are given the label of drug users by the rest of society?
Why are these people labelled in this way?
Going further –
How do rules and laws aid the process of labelling?
Going even further –
What
A 2015 survey of 2000 people found that the average British person broke the law 17 times a year, 63% admitted speeding, 43% having sex in a public space, , 33% admitted stealing and 25% admitted taking illegal drugs.

4. Key facts about labelling theory + C+D
Emerged in the 1950s. Key thinker= Howard Becker
Labels are usually negative
They are simplified descriptions which often draw upon stereotypes.
Labelled individuals often live up to their labels – the self fulfilling prophecy.
Key facts about labelling theory + C+D
Suggests that most people commit criminal and deviant acts but that only some get caught and stigmatised for it. So law breakers aren’t different to other people.
Due to the above labelling theorists think that it’s pointless trying to search for the difference between deviants and non-deviants.
Labelling theorists instead think it makes sense to focus on the reaction to and definition of deviance.
Labelling theory has been incorporated into many other approaches e.g. Marxism and postmodernism.

5. Rules are created
Rules are broken and are either reacted to or not reacted to
When rules are enforced a label is often attached to the individual and there are different responses to this label.
Sometimes a whole group can be labelled – can help create a subculture.
Primary and Secondary Deviance (Edwin Lemert)
The Deviant Career, the Master Status and Subcultures (Howard Becker)
Labelling and the Self-Fulling Prophecy applied to education (Howard Becker and Rosenthal and Jacobson)
Labelling theory applied to the Media – Moral Panics, Folk Devils and Deviancy Amplification (Stan Cohen)

6. Key idea= People respond to rules in different ways Crime is a social construction
Key idea = rules are created by moral entrepreneurs (good and bad) + there is such thing as a criminal career.
Howard Becker
Key study =
The outsiders
Key message =
Rule breaking isn’t the issue it’s rule enforcement. The issue is peoples reaction to deviance.
Joh Kitsue
Key study =
Gay and stigmatisation (‘62)
Key message =
No agreed definition of deviance.
Howard Becker
Key study =
Outlawing of cannabis in the US (‘63)
Key message =
Moral campaigns to label people work when they plug into common values – becomes a moral crusade.
Key idea= When rules are enforced they have differing consequences. Not everyone who commits deviant acts gets labelled as such
Howard Becker
Key message =
Master status= when a label is applied and all other qualities become unimportant.
When labelling makes deviance worse = deviance amplification.
*Stanley Cohen
Key study= folk devils and moral panics (‘72)
Key message =
labels can be applied to groups with the help of the media (folk devils) and this creates public panic (moral panic)
Edwin Lemert
Key study= study of stammering in Inuit communities in Canada
Key message =
There is primary (not important) and secondary (result of the responses of others) deviance.
Phenomenological ideas
Key idea = meanings held by police officers that explain why delinquents tend to come from working class backgrounds.
*Jock Young
Key study =
Marijuana smoking in Notting Hill (‘71)
Key message =
Labelling can lead to deviance amplification and the formation of subcultures.
Aaron Cicourel
Key study =
Californian cities
Key message =
Justice can be negotiated + mental categories are important in categorising people as / not as delinquents.

7. Rapid recall (lesson 2)
Labelling theory is closely linked to which other theory?
What case study helps to demonstrate the key message that Rule breaking isn’t the issue it’s rule enforcement. The issue is peoples’ reaction to deviance.
A key idea in labelling theory is that there is not always an agreed definition on what constitutes a deviant act. How does Kitsue’s 1962 case study about homosexual advances help to demonstrate this point?
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?
What does the term Master Status mean?
Going further -
Identify two limitations of labelling theory.

8. Key idea= People respond to rules in different ways Crime is a social construction
Key idea = rules are created by moral entrepreneurs (good and bad) + there is such thing as a criminal career.
Rapid recall – lesson 3
Howard Becker
Key study =
__________________
Key message =
Rule breaking isn’t the issue it’s _____________. The issue is peoples ___________ to deviance.
John Kitsue
Key study =
Gay and stigmatisation (‘62)
Key message =
No agreed definition of deviance.
Howard Becker
Key study =
Outlawing of cannabis in the US (‘63)
Key message =
Moral campaigns to label people work when they plug into common values – becomes a moral crusade.
Key idea= When rules are enforced they have differing consequences. Not everyone who commits deviant acts gets labelled as such
Howard _________
Key message =
__________= when a label is applied and all other qualities become _______.
When labelling makes deviance worse = _____________.
*Stanley Cohen
Key study= folk devils and moral ________ (‘72)
Key message =
labels can be applied to groups with the help of the _______ (folk devils) and this creates public panic (moral panic)
Edwin Lemert
Key study= study of stammering in Inuit communities in __________
Key message =
There is ________ (not important) and _________ (result of the responses of others) deviance.
Phenomenological ideas
Key idea = meanings held by police officers that explain why delinquents tend to come from working class backgrounds.
*Jock Young
Key study =
Marijuana smoking in Notting Hill (‘71)
Key message =
Labelling can lead to deviance amplification and the formation of subcultures.
Aaron Cicourel
Key study =
Californian cities
Key message =
Justice can be negotiated + mental categories are important in categorising people as / not as delinquents.

9. Do you agree with the idea that there is no such thing as an inherently deviance act? Work your way through the list of deviance acts below and try to think of contexts in which they would not be regarded as deviant. Key message = law enforcement
– Violence
– Theft
– Fraud
– Drug taking
– Public nudity
– Paedophilia
– Vandalism

10. Discussion – Phenomenological approaches – cicourel
Q1 – Do you agree that the whole criminal justice system is basically biased against the working classes, and towards to middle classes?
Q2 – From a research methods point of view, what research methods could you use to test this theory?