3. How do Autotrophs make energy?
Photosynthesis = making food from light
Chemosynthesis = making food from chemicals
Plants, algae, some bacteria
Bacteria in deep ocean

4. Consumers Consumers are heterotrophs: Hetero = other Troph = Feeder
Get energy and carbon from organic sources
Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers and detritivores

5. 3.3 Food Chains
One-way chain of relationships between producers and consumers
Starts with a Primary Producer, then First, Second, Third (tertiary) and Fourth- level consumers
Arrows point toward the “eater”

6. Food Webs More complex set of relationships
Includes all inter- dependent individuals in an ecosystem
Arrows point toward the “eater” still, but there may be multiple arrows from each item
Phytoplankton!

7. Disturbances to food webs

8. Trophic Levels and Pyramids
A trophic level is any step in a food chain or food web
Ecological pyramids take these steps and compare the relative amounts of individuals by mass, numbers or energy at each level

9. Energy Efficiency
Only around 10 % of the energy in tissues of organisms at one trophic level ends up in tissues of those at the next trophic level
Some energy is lost as heat
Some biomass is not digested
Efficiency of transfers tends to be greatest in aquatic systems

10. Pyramids of energy represent the loss of energy from a food chain
how much energy is turned into biomass

11. Implications
Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations
what food would be more ecologically sound?
We consume more than just food: water, energy, space/habitat

12. 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
Show cycles of nutrients (H, O, C, N, P)between air, water, rock and living reservoirs

13. Law of Conservation of Matter
Antoine Lavoisier ( ) French Chemist and Nobleman “Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form. In a closed system, the amount of matter must remain constant over time.” Earth is a closed system, so all matter must cycle over time. Where does it all go?!?

14. Limiting Nutrients

15. The Water Cycle (H and O)
Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Groundwater
Uptake by living things (Biomass)
Wastewater
Filtering of wastewater by bacteria and plants

16. Environmental Water Reservoirs

17. Groundwater overdrafts:
Hawaiian Islands
Alaska
Figure 47.13
Groundwater problems in the United States.
Groundwater overdrafts:
High
Moderate
Significant groundwater contamination
Insignificant
Saltwater intrusion from nearby seas
Fig , p. 849

18. The Carbon Cycle (C) Combustion Photosynthesis Uptake by Biomass
Respiration
Decomposition
Fossil fuels
Deforestation
Greenhouse gases
Sediments

19. Increasing Greenhouse Gases

20. Deviation from mean global temperature over time
Figure 47.18
Recorded changes in the global mean temperature over land and sea between 1880 and 2005, given as degrees above or below average temperature during 1960–1990.

21. The Nitrogen Cycle (N) Atmospheric Nitrogen Lightning Nitrifying algae
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Uptake by biomass
Synthesis of amino acids
Fertilizers
Runoff
Algae blooms
Denitrifying bacteria
Decomposition

22. Disruptions by Human Activities
Deforestation and conversion of grassland to farmland causes nitrogen loss
Plant removal increases erosion and leaching
Synthetic ammonium fertilizers increase soil acidity and encourage ion exchange
Calcium and magnesium ions are washed away
Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides
Contribute to global warming and acid rain

23. The Phosphorus Cycle (P)
Uplifting of rocks
Weathering of rocks
Fertilizer
Runoff
Algae blooms
Uptake by biomass
Used for DNA
Decomposition
Sedimentary rocks
Limiting nutrient

24. Your Assignment:
With your table groups, make a representation of the steps of your assigned biogeochemical cycle to share on Thursday
Include ALL VOCABULARY words from the notes
Use a book, the internet and other sources to find out more about your cycle and the vocab
Ideas:
Make art drawings or models
Compose a children’s story or a mystery novel
Write a news report
Design a play or song to share
Invent a video game or board game
Film a music video, commercial or movie trailer