1. U3C9 Reforms, Revolution, and War
World History

2. Main Idea
Major reforms took place in Europe and the Americas during the 1800s. Both Great Britain and France made democratic reforms. In Latin America, colonies won independence from Europe. The United States abolished slavery after a bloody Civil War.

3. Essential Question
What reforms took place in Europe and America in the 1800s?

4. Reforms in the British Empire: Reform Act of 1832
Gave industrial cities representation in Parliament for the first time
Gave the vote to middle class men , increasing the number of eligible voters by about 50% for the first time
Before the 1800s, Britain was dominated by the interests of wealthy landowners and aristocrats. During the 1830s, industrialization led to rapid changes in society, workers realized that they were not well represented in government which led to calls for social and political reform.

5. Sadler and the Factory Act
Michael Sadler, member of Parliament, wrote a report exposing child labor in Britain in the 1830s.
Parliament passed the Factory Act in 1833, limiting working hours for children to 12 hours and requiring two hours of schooling per day

6. Other Reforms
1833: British Parliament abolished slavery in all of the British Empire, compensating slave owners
Also passed public health and crime laws

7. Chartism
By 1839 many still could not vote, Chartists worked for change
Parliament rejected it, but by the end of the 1800s, many of the reforms had been passed
“Chartists” got their name from the People’s Charter which demanded “universal manhood suffrage” or voting rights for all men
The demanded voting rights for all men, vote by secret ballot, annual elections, pay for representatives in Parliament

8. Disraeli and Gladstone
1837: Queen Victoria became the ruler of Great Britain, her reign was the longest in British history, until 1901, known as the Victorian Era, a time of voting reforms that made the country more democratic
: two prime ministers were elected several times, Benjamin Disraeli & William Gladstone
Disraeli extended voting rights to one out of three men in 1867, and the secret ballot
Disraeli: Conservative party, wanted best traditions of the past
Gladstone: Liberal party, more progressive approach to solving society’s problems

9. Women’s Suffrage Suffrage: the right to vote
Queen Victoria felt women’s suffrage was “mad, wicked folly”, in 1867, the suffrage bill failed.
Emmeline Pankhurst: founder of the (WSPU) in 1918 achieved suffrage for women over 30, and in same as men

10. Ireland
1801: joined United Kingdom after the Act of Union with England, Scotland, and Wales.
Achieved limited self rule in 1920
Irish hated British landlords
mid-1800s Irish potato crop failed due to a disease; many had no food or money
About 1 million starved, about 1.5 million emigrated to the U.S.
Tragically, Ireland still exported potatoes to England under heavy guard; it was believed that otherwise British economy would suffer
Other countries in the kingdom were moved to reform. In the mid-1800s Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand took steps to rule themselves

11. Canada
Rebellion existed due to the diversity of two distinct languages spoken
1867: Canada united enough to achieve “dominion” status as a self governing colony

12. Australia and New Zealand
Late 1700s: Britain sent criminals to Australia
mid 1800s: British colonists arrived- discovery of rich copper and gold deposits
1901: Britain granted self-rule to the Commonwealth of Australia
New Zealand became a dominion of Britain
1893: N.Z. became first to give women the vote
Canada became a model for self-government in the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand

13. Revolution and Change in France: Revolution of 1830
Louis XVIII died, his brother Charles X inherited the throne, the last of the Bourbon monarchs.
Charles X suspended the legislature, angering citizens resulting in the Revolution of 1830
Citizens controlled Paris, Charles abdicated, fled to England
Moderate liberals chose Louis Philippe as the new “citizen king”, but he caused the rich to get richer, and poor poorer

14. Revolution of 1848 Another revolution, Louis Philippe abdicates
Voters elect Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew as president
Era is known as the Second Republic; first republic being between the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon
All adult men had voting rights, republican government grew across Europe, fueled women’s rights movement
1852: Louis Napoleon dissolves National Assembly and is elected emperor by the people, period known as Second Empire
1870: Napoleon III is captured during the Franco-Prussian War; French people depose him and proclaim Third Republic
Benefits: primary education available, trade unions legalized, working hours reduced

15. The Dreyfus Affair
1894: anti-Semitism, or prejudice toward Jews was revealed in the Dreyfus affair; Jewish French officer named Alfred Dreyfus was wrongfully accused of spying.
Emile Zola and Theodor Herzl defended Dreyfus
Herzl’s work sparked Zionism, a Jewish nationalist movement to re-create a Jewish state in its original homeland

16. Independence in Latin America: Causes and Effects of Revolution in Latin America
Tensions between ethnic and social groups
The French Revolution and American Revolution
Limited freedoms under Spanish rule
Independence from Spain
New nations and governments formed
Ethnic and social groups work together

17. Early Struggles in Latin America
Saint Dominique: first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe
Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former enslaved African, led a group of mulattoes and slaves in revolt
1804: won independence from France, renamed country Haiti
Spain and Portugal: As colonies prospered, colonists became more educated
1807: French emperor Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal; creole revolutionaries felt the time was right to fight for independence

18. Independence in Mexico
1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo-made first public call for Mexican independence-later known as the “Father of Mexican Independence”, was captured and executed
Jose Maria Morelos: revolutionary leader after Hidalgo, took control of parts of Mexico, but was captured and executed
Agustin de Iturbide: creole loyalist, switched sides and became a revolutionary
1821: Mexico declares independence from Spain
Iturbide becomes Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

19. Revolutionary Leaders in South America
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
IPedro I
1821: Most influential leader in the South American independence movement
Born in Argentina, he fought for independence from Spanish rule in the south
1822: the king’s son became first emperor of Brazil; achieved independence with little violence

20. Expansion and War in the U.S.- Growth of the United States
1803: Louisiana Purchase doubled the U.S.
War of 1812: Britain was seizing U.S. sailors, inciting Indians against settlers
In 1820s President Monroe declared the Americas off limits to European colonization-”Monroe Doctrine”
: Mexican-American War over Texas

21. Effects on Native Americans
1830: Indian Removal Act-relocated five Indian Nations to Indian Territory (Great Plains); Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek
Known as “Trail of Tears”: 25% of Cherokees died who made the trip
As Americans moved further west, laws moved Native Americans onto reservations

22. Causes and Effects of Western Expansion
Unites States acquires new territories
Desire for land and opportunity
Discovery of gold in California
Millions of people move to new territories
Native Americans are forcibly relocated
Population of California explodes

23. The Civil War Slavery became a big problem as settlers moved west
1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act-new territories decided on slavery for themselves
South Carolina seceded after Lincoln’s election
Emancipation Proclamation freed a southern slaves in 1863
July, 1863: Gettysburg was turning point for the Union
1865: Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA
Civil rights amendments set the tone for the continued movement in the s

24. Causes and Effects of the Civil War
Conflicts over slavery and states’ rights
Lincoln’s election as president
The secession of southern states
The attack on Fort Sumter
The end of slavery
More that 500,000 dead
The South left in ruins
A reunited nation

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