1. Machine-Level Programming 5 Structured Data
Topics
Arrays

2. Basic Data Types Integral Floating Point
Stored & operated on in general registers
Signed vs. unsigned depends on instructions used
Intel GAS Bytes C
byte b 1 [unsigned] char
word w 2 [unsigned] short
double word l 4 [unsigned] int
Floating Point
Stored & operated on in floating point registers
Single s 4 float
Double l 8 double
Extended t 10/12/16 long double

3. Array Allocation Basic Principle T A[L];
Array of data type T and length L
Contiguously allocated region of L * sizeof(T) bytes
char string[12]; x
x + 12
int val[5]; x
x + 4
x + 8
x + 12
x + 16
x + 20
double a[4];
x + 32
x + 24 x
x + 8
x + 16
char *p[3]; x
x + 4
x + 8
x + 12

4. Array Access Basic Principle Reference Type Value T A[L];
Array of data type T and length L
Identifier A can be used as a pointer to array element 0
Type T*
Reference Type Value
val[4]
val
val+1
&val[2]
val[5]
*(val+1)
val + i 1 5 2 3
int val[5]; x
x + 4
x + 8
x + 12
x + 16
x + 20
int 3
int * x
int * x + 4
int * x + 8
int ????
int 5
int * x + 4i

5. Array Example Notes typedef int zip_dig[5];
zip_dig cmu = { 1, 5, 2, 1, 3 };
zip_dig mit = { 0, 2, 1, 3, 9 };
zip_dig umbc = { 2, 1, 2, 5, 0 };
zip_dig cmu; 1 5 2 3 16 20 24 28 32 36
zip_dig mit; 9 40 44 48 52 56
zip_dig umbc; 60 64 68 72 76
Notes
Declaration “zip_dig umbc” equivalent to “int umbc[5]”
Example arrays were allocated in successive 20 byte blocks
Not guaranteed to happen in general

6. Array Accessing Example
Computation
Register %edx contains starting address of array
Register %eax contains array index
Desired digit at 4*%eax + %edx
Use memory reference (%edx,%eax,4)
int get_digit
(zip_dig z, int dig) {
return z[dig]; }
IA32 Memory Reference Code
# %edx = z
# %eax = dig
movl (%edx,%eax,4),%eax # z[dig]

7. Referencing Examples Code Does Not Do Any Bounds Checking!
zip_dig cmu; 1 5 2 3 16 20 24 28 32 36
zip_dig mit; 9 40 44 48 52 56
zip_dig umbc; 60 64 68 72 76
Code Does Not Do Any Bounds Checking!
Reference Address Value Guaranteed?
mit[3]
mit[5]
mit[-1]
cmu[15]
Yes
36 + 4*3 = 48 3 No
36 + 4*5 = 56 2 No
36 + 4*(-1) = 32 3 No
16 + 4*15 = 76 ??
Out of range behavior implementation-dependent
No guaranteed relative allocation of different arrays

8. Array Loop Example Original Source Transformed Version
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int i;
int zi = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
zi = 10 * zi + z[i]; }
return zi;
Original Source
Transformed Version
As generated by GCC
Eliminate loop variable i
Convert array code to pointer code
Express in do-while form
No need to test at entrance
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while (z <= zend);
return zi; }

9. Array Loop Implementation (IA32)
Registers
%ecx z
%eax zi
%ebx zend
Computations
10*zi + *z implemented as *z + 2*(zi+4*zi)
z++ increments by 4
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while(z <= zend);
return zi; }
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while(z <= zend);
return zi; }
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while(z <= zend);
return zi; }
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while(z <= zend);
return zi; }
int zd2int(zip_dig z) {
int zi = 0;
int *zend = z + 4;
do {
zi = 10 * zi + *z;
z++;
} while(z <= zend);
return zi; }
# %ecx = z
xorl %eax,%eax # zi = 0
leal 16(%ecx),%ebx # zend = z+4
.L59:
movl (%ecx),%eax # *z
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%edx # 5*zi
leal (%eax,%edx,2),%eax # zi = *z + 2*(5*zi)
addl $4,%ecx # z++
cmpl %ebx,%ecx # z : zend
jle .L59 # if <= goto loop
# %ecx = z
xorl %eax,%eax # zi = 0
leal 16(%ecx),%ebx # zend = z+4
.L59:
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%edx # 5*zi
movl (%ecx),%eax # *z
addl $4,%ecx # z++
leal (%eax,%edx,2),%eax # zi = *z + 2*(5*zi)
cmpl %ebx,%ecx # z : zend
jle .L59 # if <= goto loop
# %ecx = z
xorl %eax,%eax # zi = 0
leal 16(%ecx),%ebx # zend = z+4
.L59:
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%edx # 5*zi
movl (%ecx),%eax # *z
addl $4,%ecx # z++
leal (%eax,%edx,2),%eax # zi = *z + 2*(5*zi)
cmpl %ebx,%ecx # z : zend
jle .L59 # if <= goto loop
# %ecx = z
xorl %eax,%eax # zi = 0
leal 16(%ecx),%ebx # zend = z+4
.L59:
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%edx # 5*zi
movl (%ecx),%eax # *z
addl $4,%ecx # z++
leal (%eax,%edx,2),%eax # zi = *z + 2*(5*zi)
cmpl %ebx,%ecx # z : zend
jle .L59 # if <= goto loop
# %ecx = z
xorl %eax,%eax # zi = 0
leal 16(%ecx),%ebx # zend = z+4
.L59:
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%edx # 5*zi
movl (%ecx),%eax # *z
addl $4,%ecx # z++
leal (%eax,%edx,2),%eax # zi = *z + 2*(5*zi)
cmpl %ebx,%ecx # z : zend
jle .L59 # if <= goto loop

10. Array Code Example int main ( ) { int i, sum, array[4];
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
array[i] = i << 2;
sum = sumArray( array );
printf( "Array sum = %d\n", sum);
return 0; }
int sumArray( int a[ ] )
return a[1] + a[3];

11. sumArray 08048390 <sumArray>: 8048390: 55 push %ebp # setup
int sumArray( int a[ ] ) {
return a[ 1 ] + a[ 3 ]; }
<sumArray>:
: push %ebp # setup
: e mov %esp,%ebp # setup
: b mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx # edx = a
: d pop %ebp # finish up
: b 42 0c mov 0xc(%edx),%eax # a[ 3 ]
804839a: b 4a mov 0x4(%edx),%ecx # a[ 1 ]
804839d: c add %ecx,%eax # return sum
804839f: c ret

12. main int main ( ) { int i, sum, aa[4]; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
aa[i] = i << 2; // aa[i] = i * 4
sum = sumArray( aa );
printf( "Array sum = %d\n", sum);
return 0; }

13. main 080483a0 <main>: 80483a0: 31 d2 xor %edx,%edx # i = 0
# missing setup code
80483b0: 83 ec sub $0x24,%esp # big stack
80483b3: 8d 4d ec lea 0xffffffec(%ebp),%ecx # aa at ebp - 0x14
80483b6: 8d lea 0x0(%esi),%esi # filler
80483b9: 8d bc lea 0x0(%edi),%edi # filler
L1: # word boundary
80483c0: 8d lea 0x0(,%edx,4),%eax # i * 4
80483c7: mov %eax,(%ecx,%edx,4) # a[ i ]
80483ca: inc %edx # i++
80483cb: 83 fa cmp $0x4,%edx # compare i : 4
80483ce: 75 f jne c0 <main+0x20> # loop L1 ??
80483d0: 89 0c mov %ecx,(%esp) # “push” param
80483d3: e8 b8 ff ff ff call <sumArray> #
80483d8: c d movl $0x80484d8,(%esp) # for printf
80483df: mov %eax,0x4(%esp) # for printf
80483e3: e8 d4 fe ff ff call bc #
80483e8: 83 c add $0x24,%esp # resest esp
80483eb: 31 c xor %eax,%eax # return 0
# missing finish code
80483ed: C3 ret

14. Nested Array Example
#define PCOUNT 4
zip_dig md[PCOUNT] =
{{2, 1, 1, 6, 2},
{2, 1, 2, 2, 8 },
{2, 1, 0, 4, 2 },
{2, 1, 2, 1, 0 }};
zip_dig
md[4]; 76 96
116
136
156 2 1 6 8 4
Declaration “zip_dig md[4]” equivalent to “int md[4][5]”
Variable md denotes array of 4 elements
Allocated contiguously
Each element is an array of 5 int’s
“Row-Major” ordering of all elements guaranteed

15. Viewing as Multidimensional Array
Declaration
T A[R][C];
2D array of data type T
R rows, C columns
Type T element requires K bytes
Array Size
R * C * K bytes
Arrangement
Row-Major Ordering
A[0][0]
A[0][C-1]
A[R-1][0]
• • •
A[R-1][C-1] •
int A[R][C]; A
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
[1]
[R-1]
•  •  •
4*R*C Bytes

16. Nested Array Row Access
Row Vectors
A[i] is array of C elements
Each element of type T requires K bytes
Starting address A + i * (C * K)
int A[R][C]; A
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
A[0] A
[i]
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
A[i] A
[R-1]
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
A[R-1]
•  •  •
•  •  • A
A+i*C*4
A+(R-1)*C*4

17. Nested Array Row Access Code
int *get_md_zip(int index) {
return md[index]; }
Row Vector
md is a 2-d array of ints, 5 ints per row
md[index] is array of 5 ints
Starting address of md[index] is md + 20*index
IA32 Code
Computes and returns address
Compute as md + 4*(index + 4*index)
# %eax = index
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%eax # 5 * index
leal md(,%eax,4),%eax # md + (20 * index)

18. Nested Array Element Access
Array Elements
A[i][j] is element of type T
Address A + i * (C * K) + j * K
= A + (i * C + j)* K A
[i]
[j]
int A[R][C]; A
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
A[0]
A[i] A
[R-1]
[0]
[C-1]
• • •
A[R-1]
•  •  •
• • •
• • • A
[i]
[j]
•  •  • A
A+i*C*4
A+(R-1)*C*4
A+(i*C+j)*4

19. Nested Array Element Access Code
Array Elements
md[index][dig] is int
Address:
md + 20*index + 4*dig
IA32 Code
Computes address
md + 4*dig + 4*(index+4*index)
movl performs memory reference
int get_md_digit
(int index, int dig) {
return md[index][dig]; }
# %ecx = dig
# %eax = index
leal 0(,%ecx,4),%edx # 4*dig
leal (%eax,%eax,4),%eax # 5*index
movl md(%edx,%eax,4),%eax # *(md + 4*dig + 20*index)

20. Strange Referencing Examples
zip_dig
md[4]; 76 96
116
136
156 2 1 6 8 4
Reference Address Value Guaranteed?
md[3][3] 76+20*3+4*3 = 148 1
md[2][5] 76+20*2+4*5 = 136 2
md[2][-1] 76+20*2+4*-1 = 112 8
md[4][-1] 76+20*4+4*-1 = 152 0
md[0][19] 76+20*0+4*19 = 152 0
md[0][-1] 76+20*0+4*-1 = 72 ??
Code does not do any bounds checking
Ordering of elements within array guaranteed
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes No

21. Multi-Level Array Example
Variable univ denotes array of 3 elements
Each element is a pointer
4 bytes
Each pointer points to array of int’s
zip_dig cmu = { 1, 5, 2, 1, 3 };
zip_dig mit = { 0, 2, 1, 3, 9 };
zip_dig umbc = { 2, 1, 2, 5, 0 };
#define UCOUNT 3
int *univ[UCOUNT] = {mit, cmu, umbc}; 36
160 16 56
164
168
univ
cmu 1 5 2 3 20 24 28 32
mit 9 40 44 48 52
umbc 4 7 60 64 68 72 76

22. Element Access in Multi-Level Array
int get_univ_digit
(int index, int dig) {
return univ[index][dig]; }
Computation (IA32)
Element access Mem[Mem[univ + 4*index] + 4*dig]
Must do two memory reads
First get pointer to row array
Then access element within array
# %ecx = index
# %eax = dig
leal 0(,%ecx,4),%edx # 4*index
movl univ(%edx),%edx # Mem[univ + 4*index]
movl (%edx,%eax,4),%eax # Mem[ *dig]

23. Array Element Accesses
Similar C references
Nested Array
Element at
Mem[md+20*index+4*dig]
Different address computation
Multi-Level Array
Element at
Mem[Mem[univ+4*index]+4*dig]
int get_md_digit
(int index, int dig) {
return md[index][dig]; }
int get_univ_digit
(int index, int dig) {
return univ[index][dig]; }
cmu
cmu 9 4 7 2 29 1 5 56 60 64 68 72 76 1 5 2 3 16 20 24 28 32 36 1 5 2 3 1 1 5 5 2 2 1 1 3 3 36
160 16 56
164
168
univ
univ
univ 76 96
116
136
156 1 5 2 6 3 7
160
160 16 16 20 20 24 24 28 28 32 32 36 36 36 36
mit
mit 2 1 3 9 36 40 44 48 52 56 2 1 3 9 2 2 1 1 3 3 9 9
164
164 16 16
umbc
ucb 36 36 40 40 44 44 48 48 52 52 56 56
168
168 56 56 9 4 7 2 56 60 64 68 72 76 9 4 7 2 56 60 64 68 72 76

24. Strange Referencing Examples36
160 16 56
164
168
univ
cmu 1 5 2 3 20 24 28 32
mit 9 40 44 48 52
umbc 4 7 60 64 68 72 76
Reference Address Value Guaranteed?
univ[2][3] 56+4*3 = 68 2
univ[1][5] 16+4*5 = 36 0
univ[2][-1] 56+4*-1 = 52 9
univ[3][-1] ?? ??
univ[1][12] 16+4*12 = 64 7
Code does not do any bounds checking
Ordering of elements in different arrays not guaranteed
Yes No No No No

25. Using Nested Arrays Strengths Limitation
#define N 16
typedef int fix_matrix[N][N];
Strengths
C compiler handles doubly subscripted arrays
Generates very efficient code
Avoids multiply in index computation
Limitation
Only works if have fixed array size
/* Compute element i,k of
fixed matrix product */
int fix_prod_ele
(fix_matrix a, fix_matrix b,
int i, int k) {
int j;
int result = 0;
for (j = 0; j < N; j++)
result += a[i][j]*b[j][k];
return result; } A
(i,*) B
(*,k)
Column-wise
Row-wise

26. Dynamic Nested Arrays Strength Programming Performance
Can create matrix of arbitrary size
Programming
Must do index computation explicitly
Performance
Accessing single element costly
Must do multiplication
int * new_var_matrix(int n) {
return (int *)
calloc(sizeof(int), n*n); }
int var_ele
(int *a, int i,int j, int n) {
return a[i*n + j]; }
movl 12(%ebp),%eax # i
movl 8(%ebp),%edx # a
imull 20(%ebp),%eax # n*i
addl 16(%ebp),%eax # n*i+j
movl (%edx,%eax,4),%eax # Mem[a+4*(i*n+j)]

27. Dynamic Array Multiplication
Without Optimizations
Multiplies
2 for subscripts
1 for data
Adds
2 for array indexing
1 for loop index
/* Compute element i,k of
variable matrix product */
int var_prod_ele
(int *a, int *b,
int i, int k, int n) {
int j;
int result = 0;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
result +=
a[i*n+j] * b[j*n+k];
return result; } A
(i,*) B
(*,k)
Column-wise
Row-wise

28. Optimizing Dynamic Array Mult.{
int j;
int result = 0;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
result +=
a[i*n+j] * b[j*n+k];
return result; }
Optimizations
Performed when set optimization level to -O2
Code Motion
Expression i*n can be computed outside loop
Strength Reduction
Incrementing j has effect of incrementing j*n+k by n
Performance
Compiler can optimize regular access patterns {
int j;
int result = 0;
int iTn = i*n;
int jTnPk = k;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
result +=
a[iTn+j] * b[jTnPk];
jTnPk += n; }
return result;

29. Summary Arrays in C 2-D Arrays in C Contiguous allocation of memory
Pointer to first element
No bounds checking
2-D Arrays in C
“nested” -- int grades[ 4 ][ 6 ];
Nr rows, columns fixed
Dynamic -- int *grades[ 6 ];
Nr rows dynamic, nr columns fixed
Double subscripts work in both cases
Compiler generates different code