1. Protein Synthesis

2. DNA Review
Th nucleotide bases will point to the inside of the DNA molecule while the outside (backbone) of the DNA molecule will be made of the sugar and phosphate molecules
DNA makes up genes, many genes lie on each chromosome

4. Protein Synthesis

5. Why is it important? Cells are controlled by proteins
Almost every substance made by the cell is or contains a structural protein

6. Vocabulary
Gene- a portion of DNA that codes for a protein- the “recipe” for a protein
mRNA- messenger RNA- sends the DNA message
tRNA- transfer RNA- transfers amino acids
Codon- mRNA’s complementary trio of bases
Anticodon- tRNA’s complementary trio of bases
Transcription- mRNA making a template of DNA’s code
Translation- tRNA “reading” mRNA’s code and transferring the amino acids in a particular sequence necessary to form the protein

7. Two Steps to Protein Synthesis
Transcription- takes place in the nucleus-mRNA makes template of DNA’s code
Translation- takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm- tRNA transfers amino acids into sequence

8. Things to Remember
DNA contains the “recipes” for proteins- called genes
DNA is made of the bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
A-T and C-G
RNA is made of the bases adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine
A-U and C-G

9. Transcription Takes place in the nucleus DNA unzips
mRNA makes a template of the DNA code
3 bases of the mRNA code make a codon

10. Transcription- mRNA forms codons

11. Translation- on the ribosome, tRNA transfers amino acids

12. tRNA has 2 parts that allow it to transfer an AA
Anticodon pairs complementary to mRNA codon
Amino Acid attached to other side of tRNA

13. ATG&C can combine in 64 different triplicate (codon) combinations
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid
Each amino acid is “transferred” to the growing AA chain by a tRNA molecule

14. Codon Chart

15. Another Codon Chart

16. Peptide bonds hold amino acids together in a polypeptide chain

19. Protein Structure

20. Primary Structure
The sequence of amino acids within the polypeptide

21. Secondary Structure
The interactions that AA’s close by each other have
2 shapes that can form are:
Helix
Sheets

22. Tertiary Structure
When the helices and sheets, as well as the rest of the protein folds due to the characteristics of each amino acid in the chain

23. Quaternary Structure
Some proteins are made of several polypeptide units
When multiple polypeptides come together to form a functioning protein

24. A Few of The Finished Products! Proteins