1. Nucleic acids DNA RNA

2. Revision Grade 10
Labels and functions of parts C, E and the Dots in part C

3. Mitochondrial DNA Nuclear DNA FUNCTIONS OF DNA
LOCATION OF DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Nuclear DNA
FUNCTIONS OF DNA
Controls protein synthesis
Carries hereditary
characteristics

4. DNA –Position in the cell
DNA double helix
Nucleus
Chromosomes

6. HISTORY OF DNA Complete activity textbook pages 16-17
A. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins - X-ray photo of DNA. (1952)
B. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953)
C. Watson crick and Wilkins – received Nobel price (1962). Franklin passed away
Complete activity textbook pages 16-17
Note, you will have to refer to the scientific method a few pages later.

8. DNA Structure
DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix.
A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

9. Nucleotides (building blocks/monomers of DNA and RNA)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
Base
Pentose
Sugar

10. Nucleotides
The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”.
There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

11. Nucleotides A
Adenine T
Thymine C
Cytosine G
Guanine

12. Remember
DNA
T – A
G - C

14. It's hard to believe that an alphabet with only four letters can make something as wonderful and complex as a person

15. Nucleotides Each base will only bond with one other specific base.
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Form a base pair.
Form a base pair.

16. DNA Structure
Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand.

17. A C T G G A T C

18. DNA Structure
To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases.
The bases are arranged in triplets called codons.
A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G
T C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C

19. DNA Structure A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein.
Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases.
This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein.
It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype.

20. THE ROLE OF DNA (pg 23)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS- DNA has the code to make all proteins
PASSING ON OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL- Passed on from parent to offspring.
REPLICATION- DNA can make a copy of itself for cell division.
CARRYS GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS- Has instructions to make all components of the cell.
MAINTAINS STRUCTURE AND REGULATION- large sections of DNA are non-coding and they maintain structure of chromosomes and regulate the functions of genes.

21. HOMEWORK PG 20 EX 1.

22. DNA REPLICATION WHY? WHEN? WHERE? How…
Process of making a new DNA molecule from an existing DNA molecule that is identical to the original
WHY?
So that genetic code is passed on to each new daughter cell formed during cell division
WHEN?
During interphase
WHERE?
The Nucleus
How…

23. DNA REPLICATION PROCESS
UNWIND
UNZIP
COMPLEMENTARY PAIRING
REZIP
REWIND
CONTROLLED BY ENZYMES

25. DNA Replication
Unzip into two single strands

26. New bases attached themselves in the correct place of each strand
Free nucleotides in nucleoplasm

27. Two identical strands are formed
Each strand now becomes a double helix.
Strand 1
Strand 2

28. Questions on the DNA Molecule1 G 2 3 T 4 5
Identify the above molecule.
Give labels for parts numbered 1to 5
3. Describe how the above molecule
replicates itself.
What is it significance that this molecule can
replicate itself?

29. ANIMATION

30. H bonds break Two strands seperate

31. Nucleotides with Complementary bases are assembled alongside each strands
Sugar phosphate backbone is made by joining the adjcent nucleotides ( DNA polymarase enzyme( ) )

32. Two identical DNA molecules are formed

33. HOMEWORK pg 20 Ex 1 ANSWERS 1 A Deoxyribonucleic acid B Double helix
C Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
D Weak hydrogen
E Pyrimidines
2. Nucleotides join with matching bases e.g. A-T and C-G
3. It is made of small molecules called nucleotides
4. These are complimentary bases for each C there will be a G attached on the other strand of DNA

34. Each PERSON’S DNA profile is unique!
DNA Profiling
Each PERSON’S DNA profile is unique!

35. What is DNA Profiling?
A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species by comparing only samples of their DNA The unique sequence of bands/bars produced from an individual is referred to as a DNA profile.

36. Where do we get DNA

37. DNA profiling Technique used to identify sequence of bases
The nucleotides are separated from each other in
the order that they are found in strand of DNA.
Nucleotides appear as dark bands
The sequence in this segment
of DNA reads CTT- AGT
Use as DNA fingerprint
Unique for every person

38. DNA Profiling can solve crimes
The pattern of the DNA profile is then compared with those of the victim and the suspect.
If the profile matches the suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene (NB:it does not prove they committed the crime).
If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then that suspect may be eliminated from the enquiry.

39. Solving Medical Problems
DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child.
A childs paternity (father) and maternity(mother) can be determined.
This information can be used in
Paternity suits
Inheritance cases
Immigration cases

40. DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting is often used by the police in
identifying the suspect of a crime.
A useful but controversial method
A sample of a suspect’s bodily fluid or tissue is to be
compared with a sample found at the scene of a
crime.
The pattern of lines represents a person’s specific
genetic make-up.
DNA fingerprinting use in 11/9 disaster to identify victims

41. Problem 1: X is a DNA sample found at the scene of a murder.
9 suspects were requested to provide DNA samples.
Which person is likely to be the murderer?
Could this be disputed? X

42. HOMEWORK PG 28 CASE STUDY 2

43. USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTS
SOLVE CRIMES
PATERNITY SUITS/Inheritance cases
IDENTIFICATION OF DEAD BODIES.
DIAGNOSIS OF INHERITED DISORDERS
DEVELOPING CURES FOR INHERITED DISORDERS
Why is there still controversy?

44. ANSWERS CASE STUDY 2
1 From Chantal T 2 Possibly as a result of a tussle with the killer. 3. The victim 4. Chantal T 5. The sample might be from the victim themselves and not the killer. 6. No, we can confirm that her skin was under the victims nails, not that she committed the murder.

45. STRUCTURE OF RNA RIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA is a small molecule
It has a single strand
It is made up of monomers called
nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of a
A sugar molecule = Ribose
A PHOSPHATE Portion
A NITROGEN base
Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine

46. Three types and location
RNA
Three types and location
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Nucleus and cytoplasm
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - cytoplasm
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - ribosome

47. FUNCTIONS
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – transfers DNA code to ribosomes for translation. Acts as a template for protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein.

48. QUESTIONS
Name the types of RNA, state the location of each and give the function of each.
Draw a stick diagram to illustrate the structure of an RNA molecule with bases ACCGUU
Tabulate the differences between RNA and DNA.

49. Differences between DNA and RNA
Double strand
Single strand
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose sugar
Thymine and Adenine
Adenine and Uracil

50. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION In the nucleus.
The DNA double helix unwinds
The double-stranded DNA unzips during replication
to form two separate strands.
ONE DNA strand acts as a template for transcription.
Free RNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm join complimentarily to the DNA template.
mRNA molecule is formed.
Process controlled by enzymes.
mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis.

51. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, into the cytoplasm. It attaches to the ribosome.

52. TRANSLATION
mRNA is attached to the ribosome with triplet bases (codons) exposed.
tRNA with a complimentary RNA code (anticodon) bring specific amino acids (1 of 20) to the ribosome.
When the anticodon on the tRNA matches the codon on the mRNA then tRNA will brings the required amino acid to the ribosome.
Amino acids from different tRNA are joined by peptide bonds. A protein is made up of 50 or more joined amino acids.

53. It was made in the nucleus by transcription from a DNA molecule.
This is a molecule of messenger RNA.
It was made in the nucleus by transcription from a DNA molecule.
codon
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
mRNA molecule

54. A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum attaches to the mRNA molecule.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

55. Amino acid
U A C
tRNA molecule
A transfer RNA molecule arrives.
It brings an amino acid to the first three bases (codon) on the mRNA.
anticodon
The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on the tRNA link up with the codon.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

56. U A C
C C G
Another tRNA molecule comes into place, bringing a second amino acid.
Its anticodon links up with the second codon on the mRNA.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

57. U A C
C C G
Peptide bond
A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

58. U A C
C C G
The first tRNA molecule releases its amino acid and moves off into the cytoplasm.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

59. C C G
The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

60. C C G
A A U
Another tRNA molecule brings the next amino acid into place.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

61. C C G
A A U
A peptide bond joins the second and third amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U

64. Bacterial DNA - Manufacturing of insulin
Diabetics need insulin to live
Diabetes use insulin from pigs and cattle. This is not the same as human insulin and sometimes produces side effects. With genetic engineering, bacteria are used to produce some human insulin

66. reproduce, making clones of themselves
1. A ring of DNA is taken from a bacterium
6. The insulin is collected and purified ready for use
The bacteria
reproduce, making clones of themselves
A piece is cut out using enzymes
as ‘chemical scissors’
3. A cell is taken from a human pancreas. The gene for insulin is cut from the chromosome
4. The insulin gene is put into the ring of bacteria DNA

67. Pg 26 Ex 2