1. Lymphatic System and Immunity

2. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Medical Terminology
aden: glands
-itis: inflammation of
Aden/itis: inflammation of glands
Hepato: liver
-megaly: enlargement of
Hepatomegaly: enlargement of liver
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3. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Medical Terminology
Hyper: over
-sensitive: sensitive
Hypersensitive: condition of being oversensitive
Immun: not serving disease
Immun/ity: condition of not serving disease represents protection against disease
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Medical Terminology
-tion: process of
Immuni/za/tion: process of protection against disease
-stitial: tissues
Inter/stitial: between the body tissues
Leuko: white
-penia: deficiency of
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5. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Medical Terminology
Leuko/penia: deficiency of white blood cells
Lymph: clear white fluid
-oma: tumor
Lymphoma: tumor of the lymph
Spleno: spleen
Spleno/megaly: enlargement of spleen
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Medical Terminology
Sclero: hard
-derma: skin
Scleroderma: condition in which the skin hardens
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7. Bell Ringer for Tuesday
How is lymphatic fluid circulated in the body?
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
If the body were to experience a hemorrhagic condition the _________ would release RBC’s in response.
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8. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Functions and Structures:
1. LYMPH- watery fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues
- transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters out of capillaries into the microscopic spaces between cells
2. LYMPH VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into
circulatory system.
3. LYMPH NODES- produce lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.

9. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

10. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
closely parallel veins
transport lymph
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12. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels
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13. Circulation of Fluid through Lymphatic System
*Fluid leaks out of bloodstream into tissue
*Tissue Fluid sucked back up by lymphatic capillaries
*Lymphatic capillaries carry fluid (lymph) to lymphatic vessels
*Lymphatic vessels carry fluid to lymph nodes
*Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens
*Fluid then delivered to lymphatic vessels
*Lymphatic vessels carry fluid to lymph trunks
*Lymphatic trunks carry fluid to collecting ducts
*Collecting ducts carry fluid to subclavian veins, where it will re-enter blood stream
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14. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines…in each villi
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15. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lymphatic ducts
Large lymph vessels
Thoracic duct
Also called the left lymphatic duct
receives lymph from the left side…empties into left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph flows only in one direction
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17. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
tiny, oval-shaped structures
range in size from a pinhead to an almond
Act as filters
Located alone or grouped – large cluster in the neck and under the arms
If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed
Lymph node
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18. Structures of the lymphatic system
Tonsils
3 pairs
masses of lymphatic tissue
Palatine tonsils
sides of throat
Adenoids
upper throat
Lingual tonsils
back of tongue
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Tonsils
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Bell Work for Thursday
The lymphatic structures that closely parallel veins are called:
a. Capillaries b. Lymph c. Lymph nodes
d. Lymph vessels
The lymphatic vessel that collects lymph from the left chest, abdomen, and lower limbs is called the:
a. Lymph nodes b. Right lymphatic duct
c. Thoracic duct d. Thymus gland
The tiny oval-shaped lymph structures located throughout the body are know as: a. lymph b. lymph fluid c. spleen
d. Lymph nodes
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21. Structures of the lymphatic system
Spleen
Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of abdomen
Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters blood
Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs

22. Spleen continued….. Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs
Not an essential organ…more needed in children
If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause internal bleeding due to rich blood supply

23. Structures of the lymphatic system
Thymus gland
located in the upper, anterior chest
also an endocrine gland
“disappearing gland”
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Bell Work for Monday
A lymphatic structure located in the upper left quadrant of abdomen is called the:
Lymph lymph fluid spleen
The largest lymphatic structure is the:
lymph lymph vessels spleen tonsils
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25. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Fluid Balance
2. Lymphocyte Production
3. Filtration
4. Immunity
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

26. The Lymphatic System Fluid balance ____Fluid ____Fluid IN OUT
returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream
transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid
compensating for hypovolemia(a decreased volume of circulating blood in body) by releasing stored fluid to the tissues
compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid
____Fluid IN
____Fluid
OUT

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Plasma leaves the body's cells once it has delivered its nutrients and removed debris. Most of this fluid returns to the venous circulation through tiny blood vessels called venules and continues as venous blood. The remainder becomes lymph.
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Unlike blood, which flows throughout the body in a continue loop, lymph flows in only one direction — upward toward the neck. Lymphatic vessels connect to two subclavian veins, which are located on either sides of the neck near the collarbones, and the fluid re-enters the circulatory system
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If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid from the tissues, the lymph fluid would build up in the body's tissues, causing them to swell.
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30. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphocyte production
What are lymphocytes?
a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system/body’s main type of immune cells
What do they do?
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31. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
determine the specific response of the immune system to bacteria and toxins. They are present in the circulation and central lymphoid organs and tissues, where an immune response initially occurs
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Lymphocytes
There are two primary lymphatic organs: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland.
Also known as B-cells and T-cells
B cells: make antibodies in response to antigen.
T cells: mature in the thymus; work with macrophages; fight one virus at a time.
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33. The Lymphatic System Filtration
Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels.

34. The Lymphatic System The body’s ability to resist pathogens
Present at birth, inherited and permanent
The body’s response to a pathogen
Borrowed…Artifically acquired by injecting antibodies…lasts 3-5 weeks…immediate immunity
Lasts longer…your body responds to a pathogen
Result of recovering from a disease
Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to stimulate production of antibodies)

35. The Lymphatic System Natural immunity
(Innate) – at birth, inherited and permanent.
Includes anatomical barriers:
Unbroken skin
Mucus and tears
Blood phagocytes
Local inflammation

36. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active and Passive
Active lasts longer than Passive
Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders - Lasts longer…two types of Actively Acquired Immunity:
Natural acquired immunity
Artificially Acquired
immunity
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37. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Passive **Borrowed immunity; lasts only 3-5 weeks Natural – baby gets from mother’s placenta or mother’s milk; may protect baby for a full year; after this child must develop own active immunity. Ex: Hepatitis exposure
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38. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active
Preferable to passive immunity because it lasts longer.
There are two types of actively acquired immunity: Natural and Artificial
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39. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active
Artificial: comes from being vaccinated
Natural: A result of having had and recovered from a disease.
For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease; chickenpox
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40. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity
Active Artificial
Should immunizations be required?
Why or why not?
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41. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
HYPERSENSITIVITY
When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead, the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells.
An abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic reaction responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods,etc.)
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42. The Lymphatic System Anaphylactic shock
Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a
massive secretion of histamine
Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting
Rx - adrenaline
Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag

43. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Caused by HIV( uses the machinery of the CD4 cells or Tcells to multiply (make copies of itself) and spread throughout the body
Affects not only homosexual males but all populations
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44. The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections
Three responses to HIV infection:
AIDS
ARC (AIDS – related complex)
Asymptomatic infection
Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available

45. Symptoms of AIDS Persistent fevers or night sweats
Prolonged fatigue
Persistent fevers or night sweats
Persistent, unexplained cough
Thick coating in throat or on tongue
Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding
Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away
Chronic diarrhea
Shortness of breath
Unexplained lymphadenopathy
Unexplained weight loss, 10lbs or more, in less than 2 months
Incubation period: 1 month to 12 years

46. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Bell work for Tuesday
Paul is going to the nurse practitioner to receive his immunization for measles, mumps, and rubella. What type of immunity to these diseases will he receive?
A. Artificial acquired immunity
B. natural acquired immunity
C. natural immunity
D. Passive acquired immunity
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47. What does AIDS look like?
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AIDS
 HIV infect and destroy CD4-positive helper T cells – which normally direct and support the infection-fighting activities of other immune cells – the virus also appears to use those cells to travel through the body and infect other CD4 T cells
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49. The Lymphatic System Hodgkin’s Disease
cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms. Fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats
Rx – chemotherapy and radiation

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Hodgkin’s Disease
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51. The Lymphatic System Infectious mononucleosis Caused by virus
Frequently in young adults and children
Spread by oral contact ( i.e. kissing, drinking after someone)
Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue,  Leukocytes
Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment

52. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lupus erythematosus
What is the classic symptom of lupus?
What other symptoms might present?
How is lupus managed?
What is the prognosis?
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53. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphadenitis
What is it?
Lymph aden itis
LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement
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54. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphedema
Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages.
Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic.
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Lymphedema
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56. The Lymphatic System Scleroderma
Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs.
Autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Overproduction of collagen
Symptoms:
Hair loss
Skin hardness
Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm
Tight and mask-like skin on the face
Joint pain
Organ failure such as lungs, hearts, etc

57. Treatment for Scleroderma
Medications
Prevent complications
Lifestyle changes: exercise, skin creams, no smoking, no exposure to cold or stress
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58. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection
Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
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Quizlet
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