1. The War that Remade the Union
Did the changes brought about by the American Civil War change the character of the United States?

2. War Begins South – secedes North – proclaims secessions illegal
South – seizes federal property
North – fortifies Southern forts still loyal to the Union (Ft. Sumter, Pensacola)
South – attacks Fort Sumter before reinforcements arrive, April 12, 1861
North – calls up 75,000 volunteers
4 Border states secede

4. North v South North South 20 million people
Manufacturing 9x greater than South
Production of goods to support the troops
Network of railroads
Navy/Merchant Marine
9 million
Cotton King
Southern troops would go without basic necessities
Home Court advantage
Great Britain
Doesn’t work
Other sources of cotton
Need for wheat from the North

5. Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861 Battle of Manassas
North attacked 20 miles south of Washington DC
South stood its ground (Stonewall Jackson)
North retreated
South did not follow through
Southern morale booster
North wake up call
900 dead, 3,000 casualties – from the two sides

6. Course of the War in Generals
Robert E Lee
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
Joseph Johnston
George McClellan
Henry Halleck
McClellan
Ambrose Burnside
Joseph Hooker
George Meade (Gettysburg)
Ulysses S Grant (Vicksburg, Chattanooga)
William Sherman (Georgia)

7. Cost in Lives Over 600,000 Americans killed in the Civil War
Battle of Shiloh (Grant)
2 days – 73,000 soldiers killed
More than all previous American wars combined

8. Financial Cost of the War
High on both sides
$2.2 billion on each side
1st income tax collected (1861)
North exempted people making less than $800/year
Greenbacks printed
As opposed to yellowbacks – backed by gold
Confederacy also printed paper money
Printed money’s worth was reflected in confidence of the success in the war effort
Cost of living in the North doubled by the end of the war
Confederate money was worth 2 cents in yellowbacks by 1865

9. Women in the War
Both in North and South – women stayed home to take care of property, farms, children, businesses
Women engaged in producing materials for the War Effort
Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st American Female Doctor
Organizes US Sanitary Commission
Over 3,000 army nurses

10. Black Soldiers Blacks fought in the Revolutionary War
1792 ban on Black Soldiers serving
Ban lifted in 1862
Massachusetts establishes first Black Regiment (White Officers) – 54th Regiment
May 1863 – Bureau of Colored Troops established as a federal office

11. US Congress During the War
Radical Republicans versus the Copperhead Democrats
Radical Republicans sought immediate emancipation of slaves
Copperheads sought a negotiated settlement with the South
Homestead Act (1862) – 160 acres to settlers who farm the land for 5 years
Pacific Railway Act (1862) – establish subsidies in land and money to build a transcontinental railroad

12. Lincoln’s Method
On freeing the slaves: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves; I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that…I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men, everywhere, could be free.”

13. Martial Law
In many areas Lincoln gave the military courts jurisdiction
Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Ex parte Merryman
Held General Cadwalader in contempt for not producing a prisoner to a civilian court
Ex parte Milligan
Ruled that where civilian courts are in operation, military courts may not be used
General Grant’s Order to Expel the Jews and its Repeal

14. Emancipation Proclamation
Executive Military Order
Previous law passed – all slaves owned by rebels would be freed (dependent on status of owner)
Announced September 1862 to go into effect January 1, 1863
Effected only slaves in areas in rebellion, not slave states that had remained loyal or areas previously conquered by the North
Stop flow of fleeing slaves to the North – Republican line
Encourage freed blacks to join Union army

15. Draft Riots Exemption could be bought for $300
After Emancipation Proclamation – perception became that the war was being fought to free the slaves
Free Slaves would become competition for poor whites who could not purchase exemption from draft
Riots against blacks who they were fighting for and the rich/middle class who paid to get out of the army
Gangs of NY - Draft Riot Scene

16. Appomattox Court House
Robert E Lee surrenders to Ulysses Grant
Terms
Confederates lay down their weapons and go home
War is over
Confederate soldiers were allowed to retain their horses
Grant’s initiative as per Lincoln’s desire for conciliation