1. Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE
Big Era Seven
Industrialization
and
Its Consequences CE

2. Contents Under Pressure
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Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside?
A package! I love packages!

3. Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
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Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels

4. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?

5. For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

6. World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

7. But the growth was not equal everywhere!
World Population in
Big Era Seven
But the growth was not equal everywhere! .

8. Population in Millions % of World Population
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.
Year
Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0
For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

9. Growth of the Population of Boston
,000
158%
3,010%
,038
Background photo:
,892

10. Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

11. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

12. Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

13. Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

14. Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1,900,000
Asians overseas
2,500,000

15. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!
But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

16. Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 268.
5 watts

17. Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 269.
100,000 watts

18. Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
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19. The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

20. By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

21. and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…
Image:

22. People could produce more efficiently.
Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

23. In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

24. And travel more quickly. Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807
Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

25. And travel more quickly George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive
George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive
1829

26. The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven
Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

27. The Industrial Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation
British Factory:
Clermont:
Rocket:

28. The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

29. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies
Russia
U.S.A.
India
Egypt
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial economies

30. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

31. Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone!
And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

32. People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
New economic ideas
People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312
Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

33. But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
New economic ideas
People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
Sounds great!

34. Standardize weights and measures.
Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs.
Improve public health.

35. Transcontinental railroad
Metric system
1790
Transcontinental railroad
1869
Antiseptic medicine
1867

36. And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!
In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than
ever before in people’s lives.

37. Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
New political ideas:
People should be free to choose their government.
Government should protect people’s liberties.
People should have equal rights.
Encyclopedia Americana, v. 21 (1999) p. 204
Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
(1775)

38. A nation should be free to choose its government.
New political ideas
A nation should be free to choose its government.
Government should protect people’s liberties.
People should have equal rights.
Sounds democratic!

39. Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
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40. Governments wrote constitutions.
Governments created representative institutions.
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:
Governments promoted education.

41. United States Constitution 1787
French National Assembly
1789
Ottoman students:
Constitution:
David’s Tennis Court Oath image:
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869

42. What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

43. The Atlantic Revolutions
Change the government!
The Atlantic Revolutions
United States 1776
France 1789
Venezuela 1811
Haiti 1791
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

44. In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.
United States 1776
France 1789
Venezuela 1811
Haiti 1791
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

45. Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the 19th century?

46. Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
Rational thought and behavior
Civil freedoms and legal equality
Rule of law
Constitutional and limited government
The right to vote and be educated
Technical and scientific progress
Free market economy
Nationalism that advances the community of nations
Enhancement of state power and centralization
Increased state military and police power
State-managed social welfare
More efficient taxation
State economic management
Larger-scale economic enterprise
Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized
Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

47. Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism?
Mahmud II
Napoleon
Bonaparte
William
Gladstone
Porfirio Díaz

48. So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up?

49. People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

50. The Communication Revolution
Steamboat
Railroad
Transatlantic cable
Newspaper

51. One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel:
Walking - 5 km
Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km
Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km
French rapid train km
Jet plane km
Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

52. Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850

53. Railway Development in Europe
1880

54. Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

55. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Communication! It’s in the package!
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56. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990

57. The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage.
Powerful, but not equal.

58. The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263.
Percentage of World GDP
Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

59. After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

60. and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

61. not to where it was needed most.
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

62. And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

63. And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

64. Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48

65. Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:
The European Moment
Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: % % %
But duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80
yrs

66. Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments.
Japan
Egypt
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown
Russia
Mexico

67. Maintain independence.
Modernize the army.
Modernize the economy.
Maintain independence.
Japan
Egypt
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown
Russia
Mexico

68. The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
But the Modern Revolution comes in a package!
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69. The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics
Once you open the package, you open the whole thing!
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
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70. People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….
British Factory:
Japanese Factory: Bentley v. 2 p. 866
Clermont:
Rocket:

71. also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution.
Jefferson:
Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491
Toussaint L’Ouverture: ToussaintArticle.html
Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

72. And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves
And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
Clermont:
Rocket:
Newspaper:
Transatlantic cable: D. Christian’s Industrial Rev. ppt from Big History Course

73. And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.
Meiji:
Aleksander II:
Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70
Muhammad Ali: unknown

74. Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure
The Modern Revolution
Fossil Fuels
Democratic Politics
Communication Revolution
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75. Contents Under Pressure
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76. The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people.
No wonder the package is under pressure!

77. And once the package is opened, the whole world jumps in!
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78. Contents Under Pressure
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79. Big Era Seven
The End