1. Urban Patterns

2. Urban Models (Traditional)

3. Where Are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas?
Models of urban structure
Are used to explain where people/services are distributed within metropolitan areas
In each, CBD has varying level of importance
Three original models, all developed in one city
Chicago
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model

4. Concentric Zone Model

5. Bid-rent Theory

6. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)
CBD (low residential density but ↗)
Zone of transition (varying density)
Industry, warehouses, poor quality housing, subdivided (filtered) mansions
Immigrants (Invasion/Succession migration)
Gentrification (increasing density)
West Loop, River North, South Loop
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

7. Zone of Transition: Tenements

8. Zone of Transition: Filtering

9. Zone of Transition: Industry

10. Zone of Transition: Gentrification

11. Zone of Transition: Gentrification

12. Bid-rent Theory

13. Bid-rent Theory

14. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)
Zone of working class (independent workers’) homes
highest traditional density
dense, multi-family housing (apts., two-flats)
Point of entry neighborhoods
Invasion and succession
“American dream” has been to get out!
Today: gentrification is decr. density
Multi-family converted to single family
Public housing projects demolished
Low-income/high crime areas suffer from out-migration, depopulation, abandoned homes
Pilsen, Bucktown
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

15. Zone of Working Class Homes

16. Zone of Working Class Homes

17. Zone of Working Class Homes

18. Zone of Working Class Homes

19. Density Reduction in the Zone of Working Class Homes (3400N block of Hoyne, Roscoe Village)

20. Density Reduction in the Zone of Working Class Homes (3400N block of Hoyne, Roscoe Village)

21. Bid-rent Theory

22. Concentric Zone Model: Chicago

23. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)
Zone of middle class homes (zone of better residences)
single family homes, small yards, garages
Density is reduced from working class zone
bungalow belt, inner suburbs
Today:
Incr. poverty (the Great Inversion)
Gentrification pushes poor out from city center
Density somewhat stable from prior periods
Depends how wealthy/desirable the area is.
people move in, people move out
smaller families overall
some depopulation in low-income areas
But some TOD (transit oriented developments) being built
apartments by elevated train lines
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

24. Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

25. Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

26. Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

27. Bid-rent Theory

28. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)
Commuters’ zone
wealthy/upper middle-class, low density
today’s suburbs:
Today: increasing density, why?
Suburbanization = more pop. in suburbs, empty areas filled in
Industrial edge cities require industrial worker housing = more apartment complexes being built.
Schaumburg, Aurora
some suburbs are experiencing inner city problems
pockets of low-income, crime, gangs
New urbanism design stresses higher density housing in development near commuter hubs
See video on website for what a “New Urbanism” community looks like
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

29. Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

30. Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

32. How are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas?
Social area analysis (Rubenstein)
Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities
use census tracts (< size of zip codes)
Functional zonation (de Blij)
Criticism of the models
Models may be too simplistic
Some models may be outdated

33. Density Changes under the Concentric Zone Model (this is posted in a much more readable version on my website)

34. Concentric Zone Model: Chicago

35. Sector Model
Figure 13-5

36. Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939) Sectors not rings develop
still focused on CBD
certain sectors are either more or less attractive to certain groups and activities (amenity/disamenity)
pattern builds on itself
Therefore: sectors radiate from center to edge of city
Industry follows transportation routes (canals/rivers, RRs)
Linked through economic necessity
Lower class housing gravitates towards industry (for jobs, wealthy avoid the pollution of industries)
upper class residential gravitates towards desirable “amenities”
Something extra/“a good thing”
Parks, recreation, beauty, rapid transit, commuter lines, waterfront

37. Industrial Corridor Chicago

38. Industrial Corridor 2

39. Upper-class Housing

40. Industry follows transportation

42. Working class housing follows industry

43. Working class housing follows industry

44. Working class housing follows industry

46. Upper-class housing follows amenities

47. Upper-class housing follows amenities

49. Multiple Nuclei Model

50. Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945)
more than one center around which activities develop
airports, universities, heavy industry
creates decentralized model
certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together.
transportation ↔ industry
industry ↔ lower income housing
airports ↔ warehouses (break-bulk points)
heavy Industry ≠ high class housing
high class housing → amenities
similar ideas as Sector model but:
decentralized, CBD ↓ influence

54. O’Hare is a nuclei of economic activity separate from the CBD

55. Rosemont

56. University of Chicago – Hyde Park

57. Southeast Side/Lake Calumet Heavy Industry (Steel)

58. Evanston vs. East Chicago
Fits with both Sector and Multiple Nuclei models but NOT concentric zone.