1. 4-2 Present perfect with since and for
CONTENTS
Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Present perfect with since and for
4-3 Negatives, questions, and short answer forms
4-4 Present perfect with unspecified time
4-5 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Past perfect

2. Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Review and Preview
PRESENT AND PAST VERBS
take be
give
find
love be
Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her
grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.
Jenna _____ very good care her dog.
He __ a great dog.
loves is
gave
found
takes is

3. She has forgotten his name.
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
She has forgotten his name.

4. past perfect tense present perfect tense
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
finish
stop
wait
finished
stopped
waited
finished
stopped
waited
REGULAR VERBS
see
make
put
saw
made
put
seen
made
put
IRREGULAR VERBS
past perfect tense
present perfect tense

5. stopped stop stopped go went gone take took write wrote taken written
4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
stopped
stop go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
gone
taken
written

6. I have been here since 6:00 AM.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM. 6

7. (a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.
(b) I have played the violin for six years.
since
for
present perfect +
past
present 7

8. x x x (a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.. 6:00 now
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m..
now
6:00 x x x 8

9. (c) I have You have She, He, It has We have They have
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(c) I have
You have
She, He, It has
We have
They have
been here for a week.
STATEMENT: have / has + past participle 9

10. since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2010.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2010.
since May 9, 2011.
since yesterday.
since last week.
(d) I have worked here
Since
Specific point in time
(hour, day, month, etc.) 10

11. (e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(f) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
(g) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
(h) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
(i) INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007. 11

12. (j) We have been friends since I was fifteen.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
SINCE
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
(j) We have been friends since I was fifteen.
(k) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
since + subject + simple present
verb 12

13. FOR for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
FOR
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
(h) I have worked here
For
length of time 13

14. Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
3 hours
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
since ___________.
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
for ___________.
three hours 14

15. Alejandro has studied English since ________________.
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
he started school
15 years
Alejandro has studied English
since ________________.
he started school
Alejandro has studied English
for __________________.
fifteen years 15

16. My uncle has driven a taxi _____ 1982. since
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
for
since
My uncle has driven a taxi _____
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.
for 16

17. Has he finished all his work?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
Has he finished all his work? 17

18. (a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet.
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
NEGATIVE:
(a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet.
(b) Fatima has not (hasn’t) gone home.
have/has + not + past participle
Negative Contractions:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t

19. (c) Have you read the report?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
(c) Have you read the report?

20. (c) Have you read the report?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
QUESTION:
(c) Have you read the report?
(d) Has Marcy gone home?
(e) How long have you worked there?
have/has + subject + past participle

21. (f) Have you ever been to Paris?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
EVER and NEVER:
(f) Have you ever been to Paris?
No, I’ve never been to Paris.
Ever = in your entire lifetime
Never use for negative responses 21

22. No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages.
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
(g)
No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages.
Have you read all of this article?
SHORT ANSWER:
have / haven’t

23. Has Kyung finished her homework?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS
(h)
Has Kyung finished her homework?
Yes, she has. She did it after school.
SHORT ANSWER:
has / hasn’t

24. ___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
you
touch
ever
___________________ a snake?
Have you ever touched

25. No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake. PRESENT PERFECT touch
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
touch
never
No,
________________
I’ve never touched
a snake.

26. _________________ a shark?
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Justin
see
ever
Has Justin ever seen
_________________ a shark?

27. Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa.
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
has
South Africa.

28. Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
Tyler has taken his first steps.
Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

29. (a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
(b) Leah has recently visited Singapore.
The activity occurred
before now or
sometime in the past.

30. (a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
(b) Janelle has recently visited Singapore.
now
before now X X
time?

31. (c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times

32. (c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.
now
before now X X X X

33. (e) Tyler has already taken his first steps. OR
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
ALREADY:
(e) Tyler has already taken his first steps. OR
Tyler has taken his first steps already.
Use already in
affirmative statements 33

34. (f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
YET:
(f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
Use yet in
negative statements 34

35. (g) Has she already seen the movie?
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
ALREADY and YET:
(g) Has she already seen the movie?
Has she seen the movie already?
Has she seen the movie yet?
Both ok in questions. 35

36. Kyung __________________the test. has already taken
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
take, already
Kyung __________________the test.
has already taken

37. I ______________ _______ 8 AM. since ‘ve been studying
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
since OR
for
study
I ______________ _______ 8 AM.
since
‘ve been studying

38. Rosa ___________ to Italy three times. has been
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE be
Rosa ___________ to Italy three times.
has been

39. I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other
4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.

40. (a) They completed the game at 4:00.
4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
unspecified time

41. (c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been to Nigeria three times.
unspecified time

42. (e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
for activity began & ended in past
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.
(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.
for / since activity began & continues

43. ? We have been to Tokyo many times. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
We have been to Tokyo
many times.
PRESENT PERFECT
UNSPECIFIED

44. ? Barry has never been to Tokyo. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME PRESENT
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
Barry has never been to Tokyo.
PRESENT
PERFECT
UNSPECIFIED

45. ? Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.
SPECIFIED
SIMPLE PAST

46. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been working
for ten hours.

47. (a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since
6 o’clock.
(b) She has been working for
ten hours.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

48. (c) How long has she been working?
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

49. duration of time not mentioned
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.

50. (e) Mary has been playing since noon.
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
began in past
in progress right now
time expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.

51. (g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i) CORRECT: She has owned it
for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.
non-action verbs progressive tenses

52. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
use
My sister _________ the phone.
is using
She _____________ it for three
hours. I need to make a call.
has been using

53. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
dance
Her parents __________.
They ________________
together for over thirty years.
are dancing
have been dancing

54. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE go
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?
I am ______ to the beach.
I ______________ to the beach
going
going
have been going
every summer since I was a child.

55. Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking. They have been hiking for several days.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking.
They have been hiking for several days.

56. (a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities,
action verbs
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past

57. (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.

58. (d) The guys have known each other for ten years.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) The guys have known each other for
ten years.
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing
each other for ten years.
duration of present activities,
non-action verbs

59. (f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR
(g) I have studied medicine for one year.
same meaning

60. (h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(h) Rolf has been running every day since he
was a child. OR
Rolf has run every day since he was a child.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

61. (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I
visited Mexico. OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

62. How long ___ your family ______ here?
4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
live
How long ___ your family ______ here?
We __________ here for ten years.
has
lived
have lived

63. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
live
How long ___ your family _________ here?
We _____________ here for ten years.
has
been living
have been living

64. When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived
at the store, it had
already closed.

65. (a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had
already closed.
two events in the past
1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past

66. (b) The store had already closed when they arrived.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when
they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle

67. I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d
4-8 PAST PERFECT
(c) It’d closed.
She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.
CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

68. = Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home.
(e) Andrea finished dinner before Kris got home.
(f) Kris had gotten home after Andrea finished dinner.
(g) Kris got home after Andrea finished dinner.
before and after
Perfect tense not necessary
Clear time relationship =

69. I had already gone to bed when it started snowing.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
I had already gone to bed when it started snowing.
a. it started snowing ____
b. I went to bed ____
2nd
1st
2nd
1st

70. I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed.
1st
2nd
a. store closed ____
b. tried to go shopping ____
1st
2nd

71. A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday.
4-8 PAST PERFECT
A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday.
1st
2nd
a. the friend saw the movie ____
b. the friend called ____
1st
2nd

72. Images used under license from: Shutterstock, Inc.
PHOTO CREDITS
Images used under license from:
Shutterstock, Inc. 72