1. CONTENTS
Preview
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
2-3 The principal parts of a verb
2-4 Common irregular verbs: a reference list
2-5 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings
2-6 Simple past and past progressive
2-7 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-8 Expressing past habit: used to

2. Alada rides the bus to work.
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

3. Alada rides the bus to work.
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE

4. Alada rides the bus to work.
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE

5. We graduated from college in 2010.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
We graduated from college in 2010.

6. (a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.

7. (a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.
activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in the past
(yesterday, last night, in 2007)

8. watch + ed = watched answer + ed = answered
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(c) They watched the movie last night.
(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.
watch + ed =
watched
answer + ed =
answered

9. (e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.

10. (e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.
Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate

11. (g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
(h) They were in Belgium last month.
Simple past forms of be was and were

12. REGULAR VERBS STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They started
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT
I-You-She-He-It-We-They started
school last week.
NEGATIVE
I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not start
school last week. 12

13. REGULAR VERBS QUESTION Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they start
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
REGULAR VERBS
QUESTION
Did
I-you-she-he-it-we-they start
school last week?
SHORT
ANSWER
Yes,
I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.
No,
I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t. 13

14. BE- VERB STATEMENT I-She-He-It was home last week.
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
BE- VERB
STATEMENT
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
NEGATIVE
I-She-He-It was not home last week.
We-You-They were not home last week. 14

15. BE- VERB QUESTION Was I-she-he-it home last week? Were
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
BE- VERB
QUESTION
Was
I-she-he-it home last week?
Were
we-you-they home last week?
SHORT
ANSWER
Yes,
I-she-he-it was.
we-you-they were.
No,
I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
we-you-they weren’t. 15

16. ? They were at the movies last night at 8:00.
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
They were at the movies last
night at 8:00. ? is
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
They _______ at the movies last night at 8:00.
weren’t
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
They ____ at the grocery store last night at 8:00.
were

17. ? This airplane was made in 1625. 1943
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
This airplane was made
in 1625. ? is
1943
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
This airplane ______ made in 1625.
wasn’t
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
This airplane ___ made in 1943.
was

18. ? Did Carla get a bad grade on her test?
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Did Carla get a bad grade
on her test? ?
get
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
Carla ________ a bad grade on her test.
Carla ________ an excellent grade on her test.
didn’t get
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
got

19. We are learning to speak English.
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
We are learning to speak English. 19

20. -ing form: drop -e, add -ing -ed form: add -d
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT? -e NO
(a)
smiled
smile
smiling
hope
hoped
hoping
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
-ed form: add -d 20

21. help helped helping learned learn learning add -ing add -ed (b)
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Consonants NO
(b)
help
helped
helping
learned
learn
learning
Two consonants
add -ing
add -ed 21

22. Two vowels + one consonant
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Vowels
+ One Consonant NO
(c)
rained
rain
raining
heated
heat
heating
Two vowels + one consonant
add -ing
add -ed 22

23. stop stopped stopping planned plan planning add -ing add -ed (d)
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
YES
(d)
stop
stopped
stopping
planned
plan
planning
Double the consonant and
add -ing
add -ed 23

24. visited visit visiting offered offering offer add -ing add -ed (e)
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant NO
(e)
visited
visit
visiting
offered
offering
offer
add -ing
First syllable stressed
add -ed 24

25. prefer preferring preferred admit admitting admitted add -ing add -ed
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
YES
(f)
prefer
preferring
preferred
admit
admitting
admitted
add -ing
Second syllable stressed,
double the consonant
add -ed 25

26. -y play playing played enjoy enjoying enjoyed vowel + -y keep the -y
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT? -y NO
(g)
play
playing
played
enjoy
enjoying
enjoyed
vowel + -y
keep the -y 26

27. -y worry worrying worried study studying studied consonant + -y (h)
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
DOUBLE THE CONSONANT? -y NO
(h)
worry
worrying
worried
study
studying
studied
consonant + -y
-y + -ing
-i + -ed -y 27

28. -ie die dying died tie tying tied -ie add -d (i) -y + -ing END OF VERB
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
-ie
(i)
die
dying
died
tie
tying
tied
-ie
-y + -ing
add -d 28

29. rain raining -ING form ________ -ED form ________ rained
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
rain
-ING form ________
raining
-ED form ________
rained 29

30. study studying -ING form _________ -ED form _________ studied
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
study
studying
-ING form _________
-ED form _________
studied 30

31. lying -ING form _____ lie -ED form _____ lied 2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
Please don’t lie to me! 31

32. 2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
They became friends. 32

33. Simple Form No final –s, –ed, or –ing
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
finish
hope
try
see
sing go
Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing 33

34. SIMPLE PAST Simple Past –ed for regular verbs Regular Verbs
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
saw
sang
went
Simple Past
–ed for regular verbs 34

35. Past Participle –ed for regular verbs
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
seen
sung
gone
Past Participle
–ed for regular verbs
perfect tenses & passive 35

36. Present Participle –ing for all verbs
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
finishing
hoping
trying
seeing
singing
going
Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
used with progressive tenses 36

37. Somebody spent all my money.
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
Somebody spent all my money. 37

38. awake awoke awoken SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: PAST PARTICIPLE:
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM:
awake
SIMPLE PAST:
awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE:
awoken 38

39. forget forgot forgotten SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: PAST PARTICIPLE:
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM:
forget
SIMPLE PAST:
forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE:
forgotten 39

40. shave shaved shaved/shaven SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: PAST PARTICIPLE:
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM:
shave
SIMPLE PAST:
shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE:
shaved/shaven 40

41. throw threw thrown SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: PAST PARTICIPLE:
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM:
throw
SIMPLE PAST:
threw
PAST PARTICIPLE:
thrown 41

42. give gave given SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: _____ PAST PARTICIPLE: _____
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM:
give
gave
SIMPLE PAST: _____
given
PAST PARTICIPLE: _____ 42

43. sit sat sat SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: ___ PAST PARTICIPLE: ___
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM:
sit
SIMPLE PAST: ___
sat
PAST PARTICIPLE: ___
sat 43

44. read read read SIMPLE FORM: SIMPLE PAST: _______
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM:
read
read
SIMPLE PAST: _______
read
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______ 44

45. She talked to me for an hour.
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
She talked to me for an hour.
talk/t/
talked

46. voiceless sound + -ed /t/
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/ k pp
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
examples:
/k/ ,
/p/

47. voiceless sound + -ed /t/
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/ ss ch sh
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
examples:
/k/ ,
/p/ ,
/s/ ,
/ch/ ,
/sh/

48. 2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/ ll n
voiced sound + -ed /d/
examples: ,
/l/
/n/

49. 2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/ v bb y
voiced sound + -ed /d/ , , , ,
examples:
/l/
/n/
/v/
/b/
all vowel sounds

50. 2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
(c) waited = wait / d/
needed = need / d/ t e d e
“t” or “d” + -ed / d/ e

51. 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE ?
1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
behave__ e
behaved

52. 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
behave__
/d/ e
behaved

53. 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/ ?
plant___ e
planted

54. 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
plant___
/ d/ e e
planted

55. He ran to work yesterday. He was running when the bus drove by.
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
He ran to work yesterday.
He was running when the bus drove by.

56. began and ended at particular
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE SIMPLE PAST X
(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this morning.
began and ended at particular
time in the past

57. in progress was/were + -ing
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE X X
(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.
(d) They were eating when I got home.
in progress
was/were + -ing

58. while = during that time
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE X X
(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.
(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.
when = at that time
while = during that time

59. STATEMENT I-She-He-It was talking. You-We-They were talking. NEGATIVE
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
STATEMENT
I-She-He-It
was talking.
You-We-They
were talking.
NEGATIVE
I-She-He-It
was not talking.
wasn’t talking.
You-We-They
were not talking.
weren’t talking.

60. QUESTION Was I-she-he-it talking ? Were you-we-they talking ? SHORT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
QUESTION
Was
I-she-he-it
talking ?
Were
you-we-they
talking ?
SHORT
ANSWER
Yes,
I-she-he-it
was.
No,
I-she-he-it
wasn’t.
Yes,
you-we-they
were.
No,
you-we-they
weren’t.

61. Yesterday, the camels ___________ in the desert. were walking
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
walk
Yesterday, the camels ___________
in the desert.
were walking

62. At 8:00, we began to work. work At 8:30, we ____________. were working
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
At 8:00, we began to work.
At 8:30, we ____________.
work
were working

63. Marie __________ for the bus. Marie _____________ for a plane.
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
wait OR
wait, not
Marie __________ for the bus.
Marie _____________ for a plane.
was waiting
wasn’t waiting

64. Our son called while we were using the computer.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
Our son called while we were using the computer.

65. (a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
time clause
main clause
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
main clause
time clause
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(a) time clause
main clause

66. (a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
time clause
main clause
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
main clause
time clause
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(b) main clause
time clause

67. (c) I took a shower after I exercised.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(c) I took a shower after I exercised.
(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.
after
before
until
as soon as
while
when
subject
and verb
a time clause + =

68. (e) I exercised I took a shower. until
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(e) I exercised I took a shower.
until
(f) I exercised, I took a shower.
As soon as
until = to that time and no longer
as soon as = immediately after

69. (g) Mary came home I was studying. while
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(g) Mary came home I was studying.
while
(h)
When Mary came home, I was studying.
main clause + comma + time clause
time clause + comma + main clause

70. (i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
First: I rang the doorbell
Then: it played music
when allows simple past
in both clauses

71. two actions at the same time past progressive okay in both
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(j) She was learning to ski while he was playing golf.
two actions at the same time
past progressive okay in both

72. While we ___________, our children ____________ school. were working
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
attend
work
While we ___________, our children
____________ school.
were working
were attending

73. Lynn _________ while she __________ a book. fell asleep was reading
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
fall asleep
read
Lynn _________ while she __________
a book.
fell asleep
was reading

74. Then: I put the food away.
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
First: I went shopping.
Then: I put the food away.
I went shopping
I put the food away
After _____________, ________________.
I put the food away
I went shopping
________________ after ______________.

75. He used to be a baby, but now he is man with a family.
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
He used to be a baby, but now he is man with a family.

76. (a) I used to swim every afternoon. Now I work in the afternoon.
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(a) I used to swim every afternoon.
Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer exist
used to + simple form of a verb

77. (OR did + subject + use to)
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?
(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)
did + subject + used to
(OR did + subject + use to)

78. For negative ideas, never is more common.
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but
now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but now she loves it.
For negative ideas,
never is more common.

79. 2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.

80. Correct? No The children used to swam in the ocean.
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct? No
The children used to swam in the ocean.
The children used to swim in the ocean.

81. 2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?

82. Correct? No Were you used to ask questions in school?
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct? No
Were you used to ask questions in school?
Did you used to ask questions in school?

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