1. Exam #3 M 4/6 at 7:30pm in BUR 106
before Exam #3: movement, and the immune system

2. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.
Fig 46.1
Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction
Response

3. 2 nerve signals for every movement:
excitatory and inhibitory

4. How do muscles contract?

5. Fig 46.24
Excitatory neuro-transmitters released by motor neurons cause muscle cells to contract

6. Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.
Fig 46.19
Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.

7. Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins
Fig 46.20
Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins

8. As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle contracts
Fig 46.20
As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle contracts

9. Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/
Fig 46.24
Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/
muscle junction cause calcium to be released in muscle

10. A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts
Fig 46.23
A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts

11. ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin
Fig 46.22
ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin

12. The contraction of muscle cells causes the muscle to contract

13. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.
Fig 46.1
Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction
Response

14. Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens
esophagus
stomach

15. Pathogen: a disease causing agent

16. E. coli
Phage virus
Ebola
Fungus from soil
various pathogens

17. The Immune System Specific: Non-specific: B-cells -> antibodies
T-cells
Non-specific:
barriers

18. Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin-
Dry
Inhospitable
Competition
Secretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)
Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acid
kills pathogens
Fig 49.1

19. Skin protects us from most pathogens

20. Fig 49.1

21. Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles Stomach acid
kills pathogens
esophagus
stomach

22. Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin-
Dry
Inhospitable
Competition
Secretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)
Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acid
kills pathogens
Fig 49.1

23. The Immune System Specific: Non-specific: B-cells -> antibodies
T-cells
Non-specific:
barriers

24. The Specific Immune System

25. B-cells and T-cells move through the circulatory system scanning for pathogens

26. B-cells develop in bone marrow T-cells in the thymus
Fig 49.4
B-cells develop in bone marrow
T-cells in the thymus

27. B-cells make and secrete antibodies
Fig 49.12
B-cells make and secrete antibodies

28. Fig 49.6a
Variable region
An Antibody
Constant
region

29. Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens
Fig 49.7
Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens

30. B-cells male antibodies that bind to antigens marking them for destruction
Fig 49.12
Marked for
destruction
by WBC

31. What about damaged or abnormal cells? Viral infections Cancer cells
11am class, this will be covered on F 4/3
What about damaged or abnormal cells?
Viral infections
Cancer cells
Non-functional cells

32. T-cells recognize and destroy abnormal cells
11am class, this will be covered on F 4/3
T-cells recognize and destroy abnormal cells
Fig 49.11

33. Immune System Overview
11am class, this will be covered on F 4/3
Immune System Overview