1. TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS (Lesson 16)

2. Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?
ENQUIRY QUESTION 2:
Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?

3. WHITEBOARD RECAP QUESTIONS

4. Last Lesson Objectives
To understand the concept of development
( developed, developing and emerging economies)
The social and economic impacts of:
1) Earthquakes e.g. Haiti Jan 2010( developing) and China Sichuan May 2008
(emerging)
2) Tsunamis e.g. Indian Ocean Dec 2004( developing) and Japan March 2011( developed)
3) Volcanoes e.g. Iceland Eyjafjallajokull 2010 ( developed)and Montserrat, Caribbean June 1995 and 1997( developing)

5. Today’s Specification Content:
Spec content 1.4 b) and 1.6b)
To understand the ‘Pressure and Release model’ (PAR)
To understand the complex inter- relationships between the hazard and its wider context.

6. Today’s lesson objectives
To understand the Pressure and Release Model (PAR)
To be able to relate this model to specific case studies :
Haiti , Caribbean, ( developing country)
Sichuan, China, 2008 ( emerging country)
Tohoku, Japan 2011 ( developed country)

7. THE PRESSURE AND RELEASE(PAR) MODEL

8. The Pressure and Release Model (PAR) (or ‘Disaster Crunch model’)
The authors of the PAR model suggest that it resembles a ‘nutcracker’ with increasing pressure on people arising from either side- from their VULNERABILITY and from the IMPACT ( and severity) of the hazard for those people.
The ‘release’ idea is incorporated to conceptualise the reduction of disaster- to relieve the pressure, vulnerability has to be reduced…

9. The Pressure and Release Model (PAR)
In order to PROTECT people from a hazard event, governments and other organisations must first understand HOW VULNERABLE A COUNTRY IS AND WHY.
The Disaster Pressure and release model (PAR) is one tool commonly used to work this out.
The PAR model looks at the underlying CAUSES of the disaster. It is based on the idea that a disaster happens when two opposing forces interact; on one side are the processes that CREATE VULNERABILITY ( shown as the ‘root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions) whilst on the other side is the HAZARD EVENT ITSELF( e.g. earthquake, volcano, tsunami..)

10. Interpreting the PAR model
ROOT CAUSES such as limited access to power and resources create vulnerability through different pressures such as inadequacies in training, local institutional systems or capacity and standards in government.
These DYNAMIC PRESSURES produce unsafe conditions in the physical and social environments of the people and groups MOST SUSCEPTIBLE to vulnerability and risk. Physically unsafe conditions include dangerous locations and buildings with LOW RESILIENCE to the hazard( that is- they are unprotected).
Socially UNSAFE CONDITIONS include risks to local economies as well as inadequacies in disaster- preparedness measures.
The PAR model can best be explained via an example- Haiti earthquake 2010.

11. C/W AND H/W TASKS ( individual/paired work)
1. Define and explain the PAR model in no more than 100 words.
2. Highlight/ make notes on how the PAR model can be related to Haiti ( see yellow booklet)
3. On a copy of the PAR model ( see yellow booklet)make notes on how it can be related to Sichuan and Japan .
IN CLASS WORK TOGETHER IN PAIRS TO COLLECT INFORMATON ON EACH…