1. Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)
Chapter 14

2. A. The Westward Movement
Westward moving population
Alleghenies
Ohio Valley
Incredibly hard life
Isolated
Ill-informed
Dangerous
Superstitious

3. Mythical, lone-wolf figures
Natty Bumpo
Captain Ahab

4. B. Shaping the Western Landscape
Clear-cut agriculture
erosion,
Over-cultivation
Beaver trappers in Rocky Mountains

5. Buffalo hides
Ecological imperialism

6. Natural resources
George Caitlin

7. C. The March of Millions 1860- US 4th largest nation in the world
Growth of American cities
Urbanization
Slums
High birth rate & immigration
Land of freedom & opportunity
Faster transportation

8. Railroad carriages are pulled at the enormous speed of 15 miles per hour by engines which, in addition to endangering life and limb of passengers, roar and snort their way through the countryside, setting fire to the crops, scaring the livestock, and frightening women and children. The Almighty certainly never intended that people should travel at such breakneck speed.”
-Martin Van Buren

9. D. The Emerald Isle Moves West
Potato famine of 1840s
Boston & New York
Hated by natives
Did low class & dangerous jobs
NINA
-No Irish need apply

10. Slowly rose in prominence- Tammany Hall
Political machines

11. E. The German 48ers 1830s-1860s Not as poor as Irish Midwest
Crop failures
Failed democratic revolutions
Not as poor as Irish
Midwest
Against slavery
Drinking on the Sabbath
Temperance

12. F. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism
Anti-foreign & anti-Catholic
Catholics gained prominence (1850- majority)
Immigrants helped economy grow

13. Attacks on Catholic schools, churches, & convents
American nativists
“Order of the Star Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothings
American Party
Fictional literature
Attacks on Catholic schools, churches, & convents

15. G. Creeping Mechanization
Slow to move to factory system
Cheap land
Cheap manufactured items from Britain
British laws

16. H. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin- 1793
Spread cotton production west
Started American industrial revolution
Revived slavery (manumission)

19. Samuel Slater- to Rhode Island- 1791
Textile mills started in the Northeast (water)
400 million lbs. annually

20. I. Marvels in Manufacturing
Factories spread slowly until 1807
Embargo & non-intercourse
Treaty of Ghent- 1815
Protective Tariff of 1816
Eli Whitney- Interchangeable Parts
Early method of assembly line
Gave north manufacturing advantage
Rapid growth in patents

21. New inventions 1837- John Deere- steel plow
1830s- Cyrus McCormick- automatic reaper

23. “What hath God wrought…”
Samuel Morse’s telegraph- 1844

24. J. Workers & “Wage Slaves”
Owners vs. workers
Factory conditions
Labor unions forbidden
Child labor
Early demands of workers
Higher wages, better conditions, shorter day, education for children
Strikes by 1830s & 40s
Strikebreakers

25. Win for the Unions
MA supreme court- Commonwealth vs. Hunt unions legal

26. K. Women & the Economy
Factory girls of New England (young, unmarried); hr days
Lowell Factory System
Women in teaching
Women in domestic work

28. Most women didn’t work, those that did were mostly unmarried
Fewer arranged marriages
Lower birth rate (domestic feminism)
Cult of domesticity

29. Increased educational opportunities – Mount Holyoke (Mary Lyon)

30. it is needful that certain relations be sustained, that involve the duties of subordination. There must be the magistrate and the subject, one of whom is the superior, and the other the inferior. There must be the relations of husband and wife, parent and child, teacher and pupil, employer and employed, each involving the relative duties of subordination. The superior in certain particulars is to direct, and the inferior is to yield obedience. Society could never go forward, harmoniously, nor could any craft or profession be successfully pursued, unless these superior and subordinate relations be instituted and sustained.
In this Country, it is established, both by opinion and by practice, that women have an equal interest in all social and civil concerns; and that no domestic, civil, or political, institution, is right, that sacrifices her interest to promote that of the other sex. But in order to secure her the more firmly in all these privileges, it is decided, that, in the domestic relation, she take a subordinate station, and that, in civil and political concerns, her interests be entrusted to the other sex, without her taking any part in voting, or in making and administering laws.

31. L. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Corn farming in western pioneer families
Hogs & liquor
Corn to the south

32. M. Highways & Steamboats
PN Turnpike- 1790s
Prompted western migration
Little federal funding
National/Cumberland Road

33. Steamboats- Robert Fulton’s Clermont- 1807
2-way transportation
on the MS River
,000 on MS
Drew populations to river banks

35. N. Clinton’s Big Ditch in NY
Erie Canal
Linked Great Lakes to Atlantic
Not federally funded
Cost, speed, population

36. O. The Iron Horse More versatile than canals
Cheaper
Easier to build
Could go almost anywhere
,000 miles of track
Different gauges
Poor brakes- Westinghouse
Pullman sleeping car- 1859
Iron

38. P. Cables, Clippers, & Pony Riders
1819- transatlantic steamer
1858- transatlantic cable
1840s & 1850s- clipper ships
1860- pony express
1861- cable to CA

39. Q. The Transport Web Binds the Union
Sections of nation tied together
Depended on each other
North made manufactured goods- sent south & west
South grew cotton- sent north to mills
West grew grains & livestock- food for other regions & Europe

40. R. The Market Revolution
Turning into a nation of consumers
Growth of corporations (limited liability)
Boston Associates
No longer self-sufficient households
Social mobility or improving standard of living?

41. 1. “A relatively insignificant experimental crop in the 1780s, cotton provided nearly 40% of American exports by By the 1840s, cotton represented over half the total value of exports.” Account for this change.
2. In 1820 it cost $100 to ship a ton of grain to New York City from the Great Lakes. Just five year later, this transaction cost only $9. How can this change be accounted for. In what way did this change alter the traditional New England economy?
3.An English businessman wrote following the War of 1812 that it was “well worthwhile to incur a loss upon first exportations, in order, by glut, to stifle in the cradle the rising maufactures in the US which war has forced into existence.” For what reasons were Americans still able to compete with English manufacturers during the 1820s?
4. “Increasingly planters [were] separating large numbers of slaves from their families and selling them out of the Chesapeake into newly settled frontiers beyond South Carolina and Georgia.” Explain why.
5.In 1798 the US faced with a growing crisis with France needed a more steady supply of firearms. Explain how Eli Whitney responded to this demand in a novel way.
6. Explain how either Alexander Hamilton or Thomas Jefferson would have responded to the beginnings of the market system.