1. Biomolecules

2. H C
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model
Space-filling model
Models of Methane

3. The Molecular Logic of Life
Small molecules, common to all organisms, are arranged into unique macromolecules (Campbell p. 62)

4. Macromolecules
Many complex biological activities require large macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers poly: “many” mer: “units” ex: proteins, nucleic acids, starches

5. Polymers are built by covalently linking together small similar (or in some cases, identical) subunits/building blocks called monomers mono: “one” mer: “unit” ex: amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides

6. 4 Classes of Organic Compounds “Biomolecules” Proteins are polymers of amino acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Starches are polymers of simple sugars called monosaccharides Lipids aren’t REALLY polymers, since they don’t have repeating chains. BUT they are important biomolecules. The building blocks (monomers) of some types of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids

7. Macromolecules- why are they so important?
Each macromolecule performs complex tasks with precision
The basic structure and function of each class of macromolecules is similar in all organisms (from the simplest bacteria to complex humans)– indicates an evolutionary link.

8. Basic Function Carbo’s Lipids N. Acids Proteins Energy Storage
Structure
Strength
Long term storage
Insulation
Protection
Hormones
Inheritance
Blueprint for metabolism
Catalysts
Defense
Sugars (glucose)
Starch/
Glycogen
Cellulose/
Chitin
Fats
Oils/Waxes
Phospholipids
Steroid hormones
DNA
RNA
ATP
Enzymes

9. Carbohydrates Sugars Monomer =(CH2O)n Monosaccharides:Glucose
Oligosaccharides: Sucrose
Polysaccharides: Cellulose
Energy storage and structure

10. Sugars Monosaccharides Five carbon: Ribose
Six carbon: glucose and fructose
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Chitin
Cellulose

11. glucose
fructose
+ H2O
sucrose

12. Cellulose chains
Starch chain

13. cellulose
glycogen
amylose (a starch)

14. Two Types for Storage
Glycogen – animal energy storage
animal energy storage product that accumulates in the liver/muscles
Highly branched
2. Starch – plant energy storage
Helical
Easily digested by animals through hydrolysis

15. Lipids Functions: Long-term energy storage/insulation (fats)
Structural components of cells (phospholipids)
Cellular messengers (hormones)

16. Lipids Fats and oils Monomer = CH2
Fats 1,2 or 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Sterols- Cholesterol, Steroids
Waxes- Beeswax
Used for waterproofing, insulation and cell membranes

17. Figure 2.21c Page 29

18. FATS Fatty acids are composed of CH2 units and are hydrophobic
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids covalently bonded to one glycerol molecule
Fatty acids are composed of CH2 units and are hydrophobic
Fatty acids can be saturated (all single bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds)
A fat (mostly saturated) is solid at room temp., while an oil (mostly unsaturated) is liquid at room temp.

19. hydrophilic
head
hydrophobic tails

20. stearic acid
oleic acid
linolenic acid

21. hydrophilic
head
two hydrophobic tails
one layer
of lipids
cell membrane section

22. Cholesterol
Sterol backbone

23. Proteins 50% dry weight of body Mammal cell contains 10,000 proteins
Enzymes (regulate chemical reactions)
Structural elements (cell membrane, muscles, ligaments, hair, fingernails)
Carriers (regulate what goes into/out of cells)
Send and receive messages (hormones)
Movement

24. Proteins Monomer= Amino Acid Enzymes- Catalyze metabolic reactions
Transport proteins- move things across membranes
Structural proteins-keep the structure of cells

25. (20 kinds with distinct properties)
Amino
group
(basic)
Carboxyl
group
(acidic)
R group
(20 kinds with distinct properties)

26. Protein Assembly
AA’s are linked together by joining the amino end of one molecule to the carboxyl end of another
Peptide bond forms a chain called a polypeptide

27. Protein Structure Primary structure
Specific linear sequence of AA’s in a polypeptide
Determined from code in inherited genetic material
Changes in primary structure can alter proper functioning of the protein

28. Linear primary structure
one
peptide
group
Linear primary structure

29. Secondary structure
the tendency of the polypeptide to coil or pleat due to H-bonding between R- groups
-helix, -pleated sheet, or random coil

30. Tertiary structure
Secondary structure

31. Secondary structure
Tertiary structure

32. Tertiary structure shape of entire chain; folded, twisted, or globular
shape related to function and properties

33. Quaternary structure
more than one polypeptide chain

34. heme group
helically coiled
globin molecule
alpha chain
beta chain

35. Nucleic Acids Polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotides
Information storage
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Protein synthesis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Energy transfers
ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

36. Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide
ATP is a Nucleotide
Molecules of inheritance: hold the code for how to make proteins
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid- DNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid- RNA

37. Ball-and-stick model of ATP
nitrogen-
containing
base
Ball-and-stick model of ATP
sugar
3 phosphate groups

38. Functions of Nucleic Acids
DNA – Physical carrier of genetic information
Restricted to nucleus
RNA – key component of protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – blueprint for construction of a protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – construction site where the protein is made
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – truck delivering the proper AA to the site of construction

39. Adenine
(a base)
Thymine
phosphate group
sugar (deoxyribose)
Guanine
Cytosine

40. Single strand of DNA or RNA
base
phosphate
connected by
covalent bond
sugar

41. covalent bonding
in carbon backbone
hydrogen bonding between bases