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Organic Reactions
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Combustion
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Reaction with O2 – burning Hydrocarbons:
Sufficient O2 leads to complete combustion products of complete combustion: CO2 & H2O C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Insufficient O2 leads to incomplete combustion: products of incomplete combustion: C, CO, & H2O C3H8(g) + 2O2(g) 3C(s) + 4H2O(g)
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Substitution
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HCCH + ClCl HCCH + HCl
start with saturated hydrocarbon replace 1+ H atoms with another atom or group 2 products C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl HCCH + ClCl HCCH + HCl H H H Cl H H H H
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Addition
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HC=CH + ClCl HCCH
add across double or triple bond start with unsaturated hydrocarbon produce only 1 saturated product HC=CH + ClCl HCCH C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 H H Cl Cl H H
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Esterification
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Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + Water
HCCOH + HOCCCH H O H H H = H H H H H O H H H = HCCOCCCH + H2O H H H H
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Saponification
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Making Soap Fat + Base Glycerol + Soap
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H C O = H OCC17H35 NaOH O = H OCC17H35 + O = H OCC17H35 FAT Base (Triglyceride)
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H COH O = NaOCC17H35 H O = + H NaOCC17H35 O H = NaOCC17H35 Soap Glycerol
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Fermentation
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Sugars broken down into alcohol + CO2 (enzyme is needed)
C6H12O C2H5OH + 2CO2 zymase sugar ethanol carbon dioxide
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They are all made up of giant molecules called polymers
What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in soda bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common? They are all made up of giant molecules called polymers Poly means many Mers means parts
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Polymers Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units Analogy = chain consisting of many links Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu Monomer: Molecule from which polymer is made Starting material
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Natural Polymers Wool Silk Rubber Starch Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Synthetic Polymers Plastics – polyethylene, PVC
Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer
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Polymerization Reactions
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Addition Polymerization: - start with unsaturated monomers
- everything in reactants goes into polymer -only 1 product, saturated
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n segment H H H H H H H H C=C CCCCCC
CCCCCC n C=C H H Ethene = monomer n Polyethylene = polymer
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Polyethylene Varieties
milk bottles detergent bottles oil bottles toys plastic grocery bags shrink-wrap films sandwich bags grocery bags bottle caps
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Substituted Ethylenes
H H C=C H CH3 H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H H H H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery fabrics
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
H H C=C H Cl H H H H H H H H CCCCCCCC H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipes Replace all H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap
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Teflon F F C=C F F F F F F CCCCCC n
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2. Condensation Polymerization:
monomers containing 2 functional groups combine monomer has functional group at each end loss of a small by-product, usually H2O
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H H HOCCOH H H HOCCOH + H H H H HOCCOCCOH + H2O
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Nylon - 1935 O HOCCCCCCOH O = = + NH2CCCCCCNH2 O O H H
CCCCCCNCCCCCCN n + H2O
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Congratulations !!!! You’re now finished with the required curriculum !
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