1. The Great War

2. What lingering issues remain from last era?
German-French rivalry
Nationalism in Austria-Hungary
Nationalism in Ottoman Empire
Russia on the verge of revolt

3. Causes 1.) Alliance system Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary (1882)
Central Powers
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
Allies

4. Causes 2.) Competition and Militarism Economic Militarism
Germany a powerhouse (scared Britain)
Germany obtaining overseas holdings
Russia is huge (scared Germany)
Militarism
Glorification of military
Arms race
Competition to build up armies and navies

5. Nationalism France hated Germany
Wanted Alsace and Lorraine back
Russia sponsored Slavs against Austria-Hungary
Threatened A-H and Ottomans
Balkans were a “powder keg”

6. The Start (spark)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to A-H throne) assassinated by Serbs (June 28, 1914)
A-H took opportunity to crush Serbia
Delivered ultimatum (final set of demands)
Must end all anti-Austria movements
Punish any Serbian official responsible
Austria part of investigation
Serbia refused, A-H declared war (July 28, 1914)

7. Alliances Kick In Russia mobilized to back Serbia
Germany declared war on Russia
France declared war on Germany
Back ally Russia
Avenge Franco-Prussian War

8. Britain declares war on Germany in response to invasion of Belgium
Schlieffen Plan
Defeat France quickly, then defeat Russia

10. Reaction to War Many rushed to enlist (Ended domestic problems)
Both sides thought they were making the world a better place
Seemed very exciting (Nationalism!!)
Expected “a splendid little war”
“Home by Christmas!”
(Ended domestic problems)

11. What were they getting into?
New Kind of War
Schlieffen Plan failed
Russia mobilized quickly
French and British held off German advance (Miracle of the Marne)
Each side dug trenches
Trench Warfare
Two-Front War
Stalemate

12. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

13. New Technology
Machine Gun
Artillery
Poison Gas (Germans first

14. Tanks (British first)
Aircraft
Zeppelins
Gasoline powered biplanes

15. Submarines
U-Boats
Forced Allies to use convoys

16. What effect will this type of warfare have on the people?

17. A Multi-Front War

18. Multi-Front War Western Front France and Britain vs. Germany
Complete stalemate
Major battles
First Marne
Verdun
Somme

19. The Western Front

20. Multi-Front War Eastern Front Russia vs. Germany and Austria-Hungary
Russia lost at Tannenberg (stopped their advance)
Much more mobile that Western front

21. Italy switched sides—joined Allies
General stalemate, but disastrous loss at Caporetto
British and French rescued them

22. Multi-Front War Middle East Ottomans join Central Powers
Cut off shipping to Russia
British and French attacked
Gallipoli Campaign
Incited revolts against Ottoman Turks
Promised independence
T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)
Balfour Declaration

23. Winning the War A modern war required total war
Channel all resources into war effort
Conscription (“the draft”) – young men required to join war effort.
Rationing
Major borrowing

24. Women and the War Factories Agriculture Nurses
Challenged idea that women can not handle demanding jobs
Will give women the right to vote

25. 1917 – Tides turn Russian Revolution takes off 1917
Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
Germany could concentrate on Western Front
Balance of forces shifted again
United States joined April 1917

26. Economic Warfare Britain blockaded German ports Germans used U-boats
Confiscated contraband (also food and clothing)
Germans used U-boats
Sank Lusitania (1,200 dead, 128 Americans)
Germany temporarily
stopped

27. U. S. Declared War Why? Cultural ties Submarine warfare
Financial?
Submarine warfare
Lusitania 1915
Desperate by 1917, resumed unrestricted sub warfare
Zimmermann Telegram
British intercepted telegram from German ambassador to Mexico
Mexico encouraged to declare war on United States

28. Impact of US Fresh troops and supplies Financial aid Morale boost
United States troops saw little combat
118,000

29. End of the War
Austria Hungary and Ottomans near collapse (nationalist groups)
Asked for peace
Defeats purpose of Germany being in war
(Second Battle of the Marne, 1918)
Germans made a last ditch offensive
Exhausted them
Generals told Kaiser war could not be won
Riots across Germany
Kaiser stepped down

30. German generals told Kaiser war could not be won Riots across Germany
Kaiser stepped down

31. Armistice New German government agreed to end war
November 11, :00 AM

32. Peace
Costs of war
Flu pandemic