1. Cellular organelles
Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Part 2

2. cytoplasm
All the material, except the nucleus & cellular boundaries, inside a cell.
It is a thick fluid that contains cytoplasmic organelles (parts of a cell that carry on many of the functions needed to keep the cell alive).

3. cytoplasm

4. nicknamed "the powerhouse of the cell“
mitochondria
nicknamed "the powerhouse of the cell“
bean-shaped or rod-shaped structures made of two layers of unit membranes

5. mitochondria
the outer membrane is smooth
inner membrane is folded repeatedly into ridges the folds are called cristae. On the inner membrane are the enzymes that release usable energy (ATP) from small food molecules

6. mitochondria
where energy-releasing reactions occur

7. mitochondria
Depending upon the energy demands of the cell, the mitochondria many be large and numerous with many cristae (as in muscle cells) or they may be small and relatively few with only a few cristae.

8. Muscle cell mitochondria

9. Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell. (it connects the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane)
There are two regions of the ER that differ in both structure and function.

10. Endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER - ER with ribosomes attached (site of protein production)
smooth ER - ER lacking ribosomes (It makes lipids like cholesterol and helps remove harmful substances from a cell)

11. Endoplasmic reticulum

12. a cellular organelle that directs the assembling of proteins
Ribosomes
a cellular organelle that directs the assembling of proteins
nickname "protein factories“
function - protein synthesis (direct the assembling of proteins)

13. found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm
gets coded instructions from nucleus for making proteins

14. Liver Cell Ribosomes

15. first seen in 1898 by Camillo Golgi
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their specific functions and packages the proteins into vesicles.
first seen in 1898 by Camillo Golgi

16. Golgi body

17. nickname "containers of the cell"
Vacuoles
a membrane-bound sac that contains food, water, wastes, or other materials within a cell
nickname "containers of the cell"
small vacuoles are sometimes called vesicles

18. vesicles
Vesicles are organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another area of a cell.

19. Vacuoles

20. Lysosomes
an organelle that contains digestive enzymes
digest invading substances or large food substances occasionally its enzymes destroy old or no longer needed cellular structures (demolition crew)

21. Lysosomes

22. the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts
a cellular organelle that contains chlorophyll(other pigments are in plastids)
the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs

23. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles that use light energy and make food—a sugar called glucose—from water and carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis.

24. Chloroplasts

25. sometimes called "the control center of the cell"
nucleus
sometimes called "the control center of the cell"
the cellular region that contains the chromosomes

26. Nuclear envelope
The nucleus has a double unit membrane around it called the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is a porous, two-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus.

27. nucleus
The nuclear envelope has large pores - permitting the passage of material between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

28. protein rich fluid inside the nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
protein rich fluid inside the nuclear envelope

29. the nucleic acid that carries genetic information
DNA
the nucleic acid that carries genetic information
DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures called chromosomes.

30. nucleus
Inside the nucleus are chromosomes - contains the coded information for making various parts of the cell.
Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

31. nucleolus
looks like a nucleus inside the nucleus (structure where ribosomes are assembled)

32. Liver cell nucleus

33. Organelles that manufacure
Ribosomes
Smooth ER

34. Organelles for processing energy
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

35. Organelles for processing, storing, and transporting molecules
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Vacuoles

36. Cell organelles