1. Cell Organelles
Cell parts II

2. Lysosomes
Membrane bound organelles that contain these hydrolytic enzymes to break down materials (proteins, fats, polysaccharides, etc…).
If a lot of lysosomes burst (“suicide sac”), the cell dies. Ex: Tadpole tails, and tissues between fingers of human embryos

3. Food digested with primary lysosomes

4. Mitochondria: Used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.
Cells may have one or thousands
Has two membranes
The outer is smooth
The inner is folded called cristae
The inner has enzymes for cellular respiration

5. Chloroplast
Chloroplast are found in specialized cells like leaves and stems.
Other chromoplasts are found in petals of flowers and skins of fruits
Below is a picture of plants cells with several chloroplasts

6. Membranes of chloroplasts
A Chloroplast has 3 membranes
The outer 2 are smooth
The inner makes stacks of thylakoids

7. Inside the chloroplasts
The chlorophyll and other pigments are found inside the thylakoid membrane.
The pigments have the ability to covert light energy into chemical energy.
A stack of thylakoids is called a granum
The matrix that the granum is embedded in is the stoma. It contains enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis

8. Summary of chloroplast:
Chloroplast contain chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis. Found in certain plant cells and algae
They have 3 membranes. The outer 2 are smooth and the inner one makes stacks of thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. Grana are embedded in the stroma which has enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis.

9. Below is a diagram of the thylakoid and the location of the chlorophyll

10. Ribosomes A workbench for protein synthesis.
Has no membranes and is made of rRNA and proteins.
Cells can have thousands

11. The Cytomembrane (Endomembrane) system
Are the organelles derived from one another, or continuous with one another?
Evolved from the folding in of the plasma membrane
This includes the nuclear membrane, the E.R., the golgi apparatus, vesicles and lysosomes.

12. Diagram: Cytomembrane (Endomembrane) Theory

13. Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
The mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfing other prokaryotic cells. This is called the endosymbiosis hypothesis
Evidence for Endosymbiosis
Has its own circular DNA
Has ribosomes
Can divide on its own
Synthesizes proteins
Note: Flagella also thought to have come from endosymbiosis (hypothesis proposed by Lynn Margulis but never accepted)

14. This is called the endosymbiosis hypothesis
This shows how endosymbiosis may have occurred with a prokaryotic cell taking up residence in another prokaryotic cell
Mitochondria is in this diagram
Chloroplast in the next diagram