1. Physiology of Vision

2. Visible Light Spectrum
light exists as particle (photons) and travels as waves
wavelengths visible to the human eye
ROYGBIV

3. Visible Light Spectrum
Objects have color because they absorb some colors and reflect others.
White reflects all light.
Black absorbs all light.

4. Light speeds up as it passes into a less dense medium - refraction.

6. Convex lenses bend light to a single point - focal point (converge) and reverses and inverts image.
The conscious brain allows us to perceive objects in true position.

7. Light is bent 3 times in the eye:
cornea
entering lens
leaving lens

8. Elastic lens can change to allow for fine focusing.
adjusts focal length
Eyes are best adapted for distance.
Light from distant objects has parallel rays
- ciliary muscles are relaxed
- lens flattened

9. Light from objects less than 6m (20ft.) diverges as it approaches eye
To Focus:
pupils constrict to cut out stray light
the lens rounds
eyeballs converge
= accommodation

10. Vision
light focused on fovea in retina without accommodation

11. Eye Disorders

12. Presbyopia
lens thickens causing loss of accommodation in older adults

13. Myopia nearsighted focus in front of retina eyeball too long
fix with biconcave lens

14. Hyperopia Farsightedness focus beyond retina eyeball too short
fix with biconvex lens

15. Astigmatism unequal lens or cornea curvature blurred vision
specially ground lens

16. Chemistry of Visual Pigments

17. Photochemical event that initiates reactions in rods and cones that lead to impulse transmitted along optic nerve.

18. Color Pigments
Light absorbing molecule retinal combines with proteins called opsins (collectively photopsins) to form 4 visual pigments.
Depending on the type of opsin, retinal absorbs different wavelengths.
Retinal is synthesized from vitamin A only in bright light.

19. There are 3 kinds of cones:
red
blue
green

21. Rhodopsin
is a purple photosensitive pigment in rods that forms and accumulates in darkness.
opsin attached to retinal
Light causes it to breakdown.
Used to see black and white in dim light.

22. light → rod cell → retinal shape changes → opsin “opens up” → energy (ATP lost) = stimulates response in rod cell → retinal separates from opsin → ATP used to bring opsin and retinal together

25. Retinal formation requires vitamin A.

26. Night Blindness common cause - lack of vitamin A
difficult to see in dim light

27. Red - Green Colorblindness
deficit of red or green cones

29. Visual Pathways to the Brain

30. Optic nerves divide, inner half crosses to opposite side of brain via optic chiasma

31. Each eye set to slightly overlap vision of the other and each eye has slightly different viewing perspective.

32. Humans have biocular vision - less field but depth perception (3 dimensional vision) called stereopsis. (field of vision about 180 degrees)

33. Fun With Optical Illusions
Are the horizontal lines straight or crooked?

35. Are these lines the same length or are the different?

44. Count the dots.

49. Look at the two red marks above the picture
Look at the two red marks above the picture. Diverge your eyes as though you are looking through the image into the distance. Diverge your focus into the distance until you see two squares above the image turn into three squares.  When you clearly see three squares, at that distance the hidden 3D image will magically appear. Once you perceive the hidden image and depth, you can look around the entire 3D image easily. The longer you look, the clearer the illusion becomes.  It will be easier to find out the 3D image if you print the magic eye picture (black and white will also work) Inside the above Magic Eye picture you will find the following 3D image if you can successfully see the hidden three dimentional image.